Comparing Qur’anic and Biblical Depictions of Abraham Essay Example

Contrasting Qur’anic and Biblical Depictions of Abraham Essay Upwards of 50 characters who show up in the Holy Bible likewise show up in the Holy Qur’an. This incorporates of Abraham, Issac and Ismael also. The Qur’an, having seemed seven centuries after the Holy Bible, accepted by Muslims to be the more legitimate content. Therefore, there are numerous contrasts between the narratives of these characters in the two writings, with devotees and ministers separated on which record is the more honest one. This paper will take up the chronicled character of Abraham (and his more distant family) and distinguish how it is depicted diversely in the two strict sacred writings being referred to. Specifically, it will contend that the tone and good severity related with the life of Abraham (and his family) appears to be less permissive in the Holy Bible when contrasted with that in Holy Qur’an. There are likenesses in the two records, in that emissaries come to Abraham’s home (on their approach to devastating Sodom and Gomorrah) and guarantee him that by God’s benevolence he and his significant other will have a youngster. After hearing this, both Abraham and his better half Sarah are shocked, for they think they are too old to even consider having a kid. In Genesis 18:12, Sarah notes â€Å"After I am waxed old will I have delight, my master being old also?†. Additionally, in Hud 11:17, interpreted by Abdullah Yusuf Ali, she says â€Å"Alas for me! Will I bear a kid, seeing I am an elderly person, and my better half here is an elderly person? That would undoubtedly be a superb thing!†. In the two cases, blessed messengers answer back to her questions and guarantee her that with God’s will she will before long be bearing a child. We will compose a custom exposition test on Comparing Qur’anic and Biblical Depictions of Abraham explicitly for you for just $16.38 $13.9/page Request now We will compose a custom article test on Comparing Qur’anic and Biblical Depictions of Abraham explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer We will compose a custom exposition test on Comparing Qur’anic and Biblical Depictions of Abraham explicitly for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Recruit Writer Later in the Biblical account, God attempts to test Abraham’s steadfastness toward him and requests him to forfeit his child. Being the dedicated devotee that he is, Abraham doesn't stop for a second before following up on his requests. Satisfied and intrigued by Abraham’s dependability and dedication, God mediates just under the wire and solicits him to prevent the penance from his child and rather offers a substitute penance. Yet, while the layout of this story is the equivalent in the two blessed writings, they likewise convey critical contrasts. Right off the bat, in the Genesis, there is no uncertainty with regards to which of Abraham’s two children God is alluding to. It is very evident that the individual proposed for penance is Isaac. In the Holy Qur’an, then again, there is no unequivocal notice of either son’s name, yet there are solid insights that it is Ishmael. Qur’an likewise has it that this occasion happened past to the introd uction of Isaac. In the Genesis, God speaks with Abraham straightforwardly, while in the Qur’an, he shows up as a dream. In the Holy Qur’an, Abraham is expressed to have told his child that he will be relinquished. In the Bible, then again, Abraham doesn’t unequivocally notice this, yet rather tells that â€Å"God will give the sacrifice†. Yet, what fortifies the proposal, (to be specific that the tone and good authoritative opinion in the story of the life of Abraham is gentler in the Qur’an than in the Bible) is the accompanying understanding of the Qur’anic account. â€Å"Quran instructs us that God never advocates underhanded. See 7:28 and 16:90. It is Satan who advocates wickedness and bad habit (24:21). For a dad to butcher his child, is a malevolent demonstration that can't and isn't from God. It can just originate from Satan. The Quran never said that God advised Abraham to murder (penance) his child. Rather, the Quran instructs us that Abraham had a fantasy in which he saw himself butchering his child. Abraham accepted the fantasy and believed that the fantasy was from God (The Quran never said the fantasy was from God). The decision of the wording in the Quran is essential. No word was picked unintentionally or crazy. Each word and articulation was intentionally picked by God.† (www.submission.org, 2011) In the Holy Qur’an, reliable the mercy theory of this article, Isaac is alloted the status of an Imam †somebody who has otherworldly powers. Supporting proof for the postulation can likewise be found in the disparate records of Abraham’s connection to his nephew Lot. For instance, the Bible says that Lot is a gay and that his erratic guilty pleasures in Sodom and Gomorrah are condemnable acts. In the Qur’an then again, Lot is depicted as a prophet of a similar family as his celebrated uncle Abraham. Then again, Bible doesn't esteem him to be of that height, as he was tormented interminably by the ill-advised sexual acts he saw in Sodom. The proof for this could be accumulated from Genesis (19:1-29). In spite of the fact that, the two records do merge in that they express that Abraham supplicated and argued to God to show kindness toward his nephew, the similitudes end there. For instance, in the Bible, God vows to save Sodom of its approaching annihilation, if just ten men of appropriate lead could be found there. After neglecting to locate these ten men, God proceeds to start a spell of red hot downpour of stones upon the reviled city. In the Qur’annic account, God orders Abraham to not argue for his nephew’s case, as occasions were at that point pre-appointed. The destiny of Lot’s spouse is told distinctively in the two Holy books. Section 19:26 of the Genesis has it that after ignoring God’s requests to not pivot to see the city’s devastation, Lot’s spouse will be transformed into a mainstay of salt. Then again, this destiny was foreseen by Lot, as he was educated by blessed messengers of the equivalent before the occasion. Predictabl e with the proposal contended in this article, the Bible says that an incestous connection among Lot and his two girls unfolded after the loss of his better half. Section (19:30-38) of Genesis delineates this occasion, whereby his two little girls lie close to their dad in order to get impregnated by him and convey his seed. In the Qur’an, then again, this occurance is obvious by its nonappearance, underscoring the proposal that it underplays sexual diversions and deviations contrasted with the Holy Bible. Works Cited: God Never Ordered Abraham to Sacrifice his Son, Islamic Scholarly Article, recovered from on fourteenth February, 2011. ‘Abdullah Yusuf ‘Ali. The Meaning of the Holy Qur’an. Amana Press 1991 (first ed. 1946). Robert Alter. The Five Books of Moses: A Translation with Commentary. W.W. Norton Co., 2004.

Kudler Fine Food Marketing Strategy and Tactics

Kudler Fine Food Marketing Strategy and Tactics Kudler Fine Food was built up in 1998 by Kathy Kudler whose vision was to make a store with all the essential items for a gourmet cook. The vision and crucial the association is to help clients with the freshest elements at sensible costs assembled from various pieces of the world for energetic gourmet cooking.Advertising We will compose a custom exposition test on Kudler Fine Food Marketing Strategy and Tactics explicitly for you for just $16.05 $11/page Learn More Kudler Fine Food is situated in three pieces of the USA and offers the administrations of the home conveyance. One of the most significant showcasing methodologies the association actualizes is its specialization in both food and preparing instruments (Kudler Fine Food, 2011). This profitable methodology helps Kudler Fine Food stay a pioneer in the specialty, in any case, extra advertising research is important to stay effective members in the circle of gourmet cooking. The Areas for Additional Marketing Research for Kudl er Fine Food Basing on the Perner’s inquire about (2008), it is conceivable to infer that food industry is an exceptionally serious circle of business. To stay a pioneer, much data ought to be thought of and exhaustive research directed with the reason to utilize the accumulated data for making a key arrangement for additional turn of events. Utilizing the examination directed by Perner (2008), the accompanying territories for extra showcasing research for Kudler Fine Food can be featured. The investigation of socioeconomics is significant as Kudler Fine Food ought to know about the age class of the individuals who need its administrations and foresee the future patterns for an intended interest group. The attributes of the social class are additionally significant for building up a key arrangement. The data committed to utilization designs is significant as Kudler Fine Food ought to know about the customers’ benefits, of the lessening or the expansion of the interest on explicit items. The emphasis on promoting issues comprehends what circles ought to be affected. Kudler Fine Food ought to choose what they are to put into, brand building, new product offering presentation, or drawing in progressively faithful clients. Value legislative issues is additionally significant. The organization should direct an exhaustive investigation of the item costs and possess its own specialty in this connection. An exploration ought to likewise be led in the circle of upper hands, for example, item uniqueness, assortment and mix of food and instruments for cooking (Perner, 2008). The Importance of Competitive Intelligence for Kudler Fine Food Competitive insight ought not be thought little of. Serious insight is planned for causing Kudler Fine Food to set it up for â€Å"creating new conditions to ensure the companys future accomplishment in the definitely serious business environment† and for turning out to be â€Å"one of the most impressive weapons of things to come in the hands of organization management† (Bartes, 2011, p. 669).Advertising Looking for paper on business financial aspects? How about we check whether we can support you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Company’s financial execution is firmly associated with the serious insight, thus, if Kudler Fine Food needs to stay effective and involve its specialty in food business, it should utilize this technique. Kudler Fine Food needs to be effective, and to make a vital arrangement for the future activities, it should put together its vital choice with respect to serious insight (Bartes, 2011). The significance of Marketing Research in the Development of Kudler Fine Food Therefore, Kudler Fine Food should direct an advertising research in various circles and to utilize serious knowledge system for considering the primary circles where activity plan ought to be actualized. Key arranging is an assurance of the organization achievement. Reference Lis t Bartes, F. (2011). Activity plan premise of serious knowledge exercises. Financial aspects Management, 16, 664-669. Kudler Fine Food. (2011). Official site. Web. Perner, L. (2008). Food Marketing. Recovered from consumerpsychologist.com/food_marketing.html

What Is It Like to Be Addicted to Heroin

What Is It Like to Be Addicted to Heroin Addiction Drug Use Heroin Print What Is It Like to Be Addicted to Heroin? Pipsters Story By Buddy T facebook twitter Buddy T is an anonymous writer and founding member of the Online Al-Anon Outreach Committee with decades of experience writing about alcoholism. Learn about our editorial policy Buddy T Updated on June 24, 2019 Heroin Addiction Can Be Treated. © PhotoXpress.com More in Addiction Drug Use Heroin Cocaine Marijuana Meth Ecstasy/MDMA Hallucinogens Opioids Prescription Medications Alcohol Use Addictive Behaviors Nicotine Use Coping and Recovery What is it like to be addicted to heroin? What is life like for a heroin addict? How does it feel to have a substance so much in control of your life that you can no longer make rational decisions? Pipsters Story I am trying to stop using heroin. Well, in fact, I have been trying for several years now. I have been to prison 17 times and each time I come out, clean, I still go and use and get a habit again. Why do I do this? The simple answer is that I feel nothing else I have ever experienced compares in the slightest, nothing in my life seems worth stopping for, there is no light at the end of the tunnel, its just too hard to stop. Imagine feeling good about yourself, life seems good too, then when you wake up all that has changed, life is s*** again until you have a bag of gear. You Just Want It When you do stop, using medication such as methadone or Subutex, all you think about is how to get money to score - even though you dont need to, you dont feel ill, you just want it. Life is empty without it, there is nothing to replace it with, nothing to look forward to. You look at yourself in the mirror and realize how skinny and ugly you look and it just seems like such a long road to put it all right again. You just think screw it and carry on with the drugs. I have lost everything due to heroin, or my own lack of restraint, Im not allowed to see my son of four. My family cant even look at me anymore. I walk with my head down at all times - my life just seems worthless without the pursuit of money for drugs by stealing. I Am Going Crazy Trying to Be Normal I wake up each day and think I dont want this life anymore - out stealing and scoring, I look at the Subutex - a way to change and stop and I just want to have a hit of brown. I dont inject it, just smoke it. I am here now typing this having taken two 8 mg tablets of Subutex and all I can think is why did I take them? Now I cant do heroin for at least 16 hours - as Subutex blocks the effects of the gear. I am going crazy just sitting here trying to be normal, I dont think I know how anymore. Id rather go out and risk my liberty for some money for gear. Heroin gives you a feeling of everything is OK, nothing is that bad and everything can wait until tomorrow. Without it life is s***. -- Pipster27 Treatment for Heroin Addiction Subutex, also known as buprenorphine, is a treatment for heroin addiction that is an alternative to methadone treatment. Also marketed as Suboxone, buprenorphine works by blocking the high users feel when they do heroin or opioid-based painkillers. The main advantage of buprenorphine over methadone is that it is available in multidose form from a physicians office, compared with methadone which is available only one dose at a time in highly regulated clinics. It is also less addictive and less likely to be abused compared with methadone. Source:National Institute on Drug Abuse. Buprenorphine Approval Expands Options for Addiction Treatment September 2002.

The Power Of Prosper In The Tempest And A Dolls House

Pinning the oppressed against their oppressor is by no means a new concept. Countless pieces of literature have explored the relationship between these tyrants and their rebellious servants. Two prime examples would be Prospero from The Tempest and Helmer from A Doll House, given their domineering and self-righteous demeanor as they fancy themselves the reinforcers of social justice. Naturally, their counterparts would be Caliban and Nils Krogstad, respectively, who don’t much care for the authority forced upon them. Both of these characters use their beliefs to actively subvert their oppressors’ power. First, we’ll begin with Caliban. He becomes the unwilling slave to Prospero, and he detests his situation. As the son of the hag-witch†¦show more content†¦He also conspires with Stephano and Trinculo to kill Prospero so that he may finally win back his freedom. This poor judge of character juxtaposed with his signs of innocence depict Caliban’s animalistic tendencies; he is a product of nature, after all. Next, we move on to Krogstad. Similarly to Caliban, Krogstad takes some rather villainous actions in order to oppose Helmer’s oppression of him. Though it’s never explicitly stated why he did it, we know that Krogstad got involved in a forgery scheme in the past, and that one action ruined his entire reputation. Forgery is a relatively small crime to commit, but â€Å"the community turned its back on him, [which] forced [Krogstad] into the unsavory business of moneylending and blackmailing in order to support his family† (Schmoop Editorial Team). Krogstad does find a small ray of hope in building up his status again through his job at the bank. However, this job is put in jeopardy when Torvald Helmer is set to be the bank’s new boss. Helmer, whom is very conscious of people’s perceptions of him, narrow-mindedly intends to fire Krogstad simply because they are on a first-name basis and he cannot withstand the embarrassment of that. With his future fo r his family on the line, Krogstad turns to threatening and blackmailing Helmer’s wife, Nora, to have her convince her husband to let him keep his job. Krogstad continues his

Essay about Narrative on Frederick Douglass - 1322 Words

Narrative on Frederick Douglass Slavery was perhaps one of the most appalling tragedies in the history of The United States of America. To tell the people of the terrible facts, runaway slaves wrote their accounts of slavery down on paper and published it for the nation to read. Frederick Douglass and Harriet Jacobs were just two of the many slaves who did this. Each of the slaves had different experiences with slavery, but they all had one thing in common: they tell of the abominable institution of slavery and how greatly it affected their lives. When Douglass was seven years old, he was sent to a new master and mistress, Hugh and Sophia Auld. Sophia was a very kind and affectionate woman, probably one of the nicest people Douglass†¦show more content†¦It was then that he became aware of his current status: a lowly slave that was considered to be a chattel. And it was then that he wanted his freedom. Meanwhile, the venom slave owner began to poison Sophia?s kind nature. Sadly, Douglass was once again a pi ece of meat and he no longer viewed the black race as one of the whites. Also, his views for white slave owners changed similarly; his heart was filled with abhorrence for them (Douglass 42). There were many times when Douglass thought about running away to become a free man, but there were few times when he was really determined to fulfill the risky and dangerous task. One of the few times came during the year when he worked for Edward Covey. Douglass became a field hand for the first time in his life. It was one of the few times he felt like a slave. He was not skilled in the backbreaking work required of him. Covey was a harsh and brutal slaveholder. Mr. Covey made his slaves work in all weathers. It was never too hot or too cold; it could never rain, blow, hail, or snow, too hard in the field (Douglass 66). And if it wasn?t work, work, work, it was beatings, beatings, and beatings. Douglass was often whipped and battered for not working ?hard enough.? Under Covey, Douglass and t he other slaves were treated as the lowlifes of society, as low as horses and pigs. After six months under Covey, Douglass lost interest in reading and theShow MoreRelatedThe Narrative Of Frederick Douglass1132 Words   |  5 PagesThe narrative begins with Douglass being oblivious to the identity of his father. This theme of Frederick Douglass being young and naà ¯ve is continued throughout the beginning. The idea of slaves being young and naà ¯ve is seen in almost all slave narratives. One of the ways slave owners kept slaves captive is through keeping the slaves ignorant. It is nearly impossible for a slave to escape slavery if they cannot read and write. Slave owners knew how impossible this was so they kept them ignorant,Read MoreThe Narrative Of Frederick Douglass1835 Words   |  8 PagesIn Frederick Douglass article Figuring out how to Read and Write he clarifies the imperative part instruction plays in a man s life, and the things that you can achieve by figuring out h ow to peruse and compose. Figuring out how to make a contention did offer Douglass some assistance with obtaining his flexibility, as well as offered different slaves some assistance with getting their opportunity and annul subjugation. We can say that Douglass was fortunate he was taught by his paramour andRead MoreTrickery in Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass1880 Words   |  8 PagesAfrican-Americans and thus they do not survive. In Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass by Frederick Douglass, Douglass harnesses the ability to conform to the world of trickery and conveys his journey to freedom. Through his appeal to pathos, use of dramatic asides, and application of anecdotes, Douglass expresses the necessity of slaves to play the game of trickery to survive in the world of tricksters. Effectively establishing an appeal to pathos, Douglass emphasize his raw emotions to the readerRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass987 Words   |  4 PagesLife of Frederick In the â€Å"narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass an American slave written by himself† Frederick reveled to audience the time he was living as a slave and the moments of brutal treats for example psychological, emotional and physical abuses. He was suffering terrible moments during his 20 years as a slave in the twentieth century. In addition, he describes in his own words the strategies he used to escape from the slave holders and to be free. This story the â€Å"Narrative of theRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1730 Words   |  7 PagesOne of the most well-known slavery narratives was lived and written by Frederick Douglass, Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass. Frederick Douglass was a civil rights activist who was born into slavery on a plantation in eastern Maryland in February 1818. His exact birth date is unknown, he states in his narrative, â€Å"I have no accurate knowledge of my age, never having seen any authentic record containing it.†2 His birth name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey, which was given by hisRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1102 Words   |  5 PagesDate Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Writing in the favor of black people has always remained controversial from the very beginning. Critics regard such writing as â€Å"a highly conventionalized genre† indicating that â€Å"its status as literature was long disputed but the literary merits of its most famous example such as Frederick Douglass s Narrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass†¦are widely recognized today.† (Ryan:537) Despite of such severe resistance, writers like Douglass have pennedRead MoreThe Narrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1566 Words   |  7 PagesThe â€Å"Narratives of the Life of Frederick Douglass† is the story of Frederick Douglass’ life from the time he was born into slavery, to the time he escaped to freedom in the north. When Douglass wrote this book, slavery was still legal in a large portion of the United States. After Douglass’ escape to freedom and his continuation of his education, he became an abolitionist through his works of literatu re and speeches. In â€Å"The Blessings of Slavery†, by George Fitzhugh he states that southern slavesRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass1257 Words   |  6 PagesBook Review By Mary Elizabeth Ralls Narrative of the life of Frederick Douglass: An autobiography written by Frederick Douglass Millennium publication, 1945edition 75 pages Frederick Douglass whose real name was Frederick Augustus Washington Bailey approximately birthdate is in1818, the month or day is not known, he died in 1895. He is one of the most famous advocates and the greatest leaders of anti-slavery in the past 200 or so years.Read MoreNarrative of the Life of Frederick Douglass1581 Words   |  6 PagesPatrick Henry once said, â€Å"give me liberty, or give me death.† In the eyes of Frederick Douglass and countless others enslaved, this took on a much deeper meaning to them. â€Å"It was doubtful liberty at most, and almost certain death is we failed.† [51] Frederick Douglass was one of the most commonly known slaves to have existed. Slavery has been around since the 1700s, but the subject of slavery is controversial because it not only includes information written from former slaves, but information acquiredRead MoreNarrative Of The Life Of Frederick Douglass Essay1498 Words   |  6 Pagesthat one of the most essential mean s of life was slavery. In the novel, Narrative of The Life of Frederick Douglass, Douglass challenges and debunks the idea of slavery being a necessary part of the white lifestyle; many pro-slavery arguments consisted of religion justifying slavery, slaves being â€Å"easily manipulated†/ignorant, and slavery keeping the southern economy from disappearing (The Proslavery Argument). Frederick uses personal experiences and other tactics to expose the truth behind slavery

Earthworm Biodiversity in an Arid Region of Rajasthan, India Free Essays

Among the soil fauna, earthworms have an important role to improve soil texture. The soil texture plays an important role in water holding capacity. Earthworms have an ability to enhance soil characteristics. We will write a custom essay sample on Earthworm Biodiversity in an Arid Region of Rajasthan, India or any similar topic only for you Order Now It contributes to the breakdown of organic matter and release plant nutrients (Edwards and Bohlen, 1996). Earthworms are also considered as useful indicator of the health of soil ecosystem (Edwards and Bohlen, 1992) as to their role in soil fertility through fragmentation and mixed up the soil with mineral particle, enhancing microbial activity to breakdown plant organic matter. The contribution of earthworms in soil turnover, structure formation and serve as a fertility enhancer in different way. Earthworms are useful in land improvement and organic waste management (Edwards and Baker, 1992; Lavelle and Martin, 1992; Johnson, 1997; Villenave et al. , 1999). The distribution and population density of various earthworm species have been correlated with soil type and agriculture land use (Haynes et al. , 2003; Sbrina et al. , 2009). The biodiversity of earthworms is influenced by physical, chemical and biological properties of soil and climatic conditions of habitats. Earthworm’s biodiversity is directly affected by soil characteristics (Edwards and Lofty, 1977). These community influencing factors are soil pH, organic matter, nitrogen, C/N ratio, soil moisture and soil texture. Biodiversity is counted as human resources (Heywood, 1996). Recently, many biologists studied the biodiversity and distribution of earthworms in the different parts of the world (Blakemore, 2000, 2002, 2003; Change and Chen, 2004,2005; Blakemore et al. ,2006; Sautter et al. , 2006; Ghafoor et al. , 2008). Present study was done in Bikaner district, which is located in Thar desert of Rajasthan ranging 28. 01 ° N 73. 19 ° E. . The average rain fall in this area is 10† to 15† only. Therefore, climatic conditions are adverse for organisms. Most of its area is irrigated with tube wells and Indira Gandhi canal. Due to adverse conditions from a long period, there is still a few information about biodiversity and habitats. The present study will revealed new basic information for further research on earthworms and its ecology and application of earthworms in agriculture sector. How to cite Earthworm Biodiversity in an Arid Region of Rajasthan, India, Papers

Issues in Cognitive Development

Steps in Language Development While debate is still ongoing about how children acquires language, with naturists arguing that individuals are born with biological inclination for language, and behaviorists projecting that children develop language by emulating the sounds heard within the immediate environment (Maitland 135), consensus seems to have been reached among the two groups on the major steps involved in the development of language in children. This section aims to elucidate the steps involved.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Cognitive Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More There exists broad consensus that humans can communicate from birth, as can be demonstrated by the newborn’s cry alerts when faced with a distressing situation such as pain or wetness. However, it is only after the fourth month from birth that the infant is able to turn these cry alerts, coos, and gurgles into so me form of bubbling, explained as the generation of phonemes which are not in any way related or limited to the child’s exposure to the immediate environment. After the lapse of ten months from birth, the baby is able to narrow down these phonemes to those of the language or languages spoken in the immediate environment (Maitland 134). At the turn of their first birthday, most toddlers progress from bubbling into the use of a holophrase, which can be explained as the usage of one word to communicate meaning. For instance, the baby may point indoors and say, â€Å"Go!† At the turn of their second birthday, most children are able to put together two-word sentences known as telegraphic speech. Available literature demonstrates that this speech is mostly typified by the use of a verb and noun, such as â€Å"go toilet† or â€Å"eat bread† (Maitland 134). Language development theorists are in agreement that it is between two and three years of age that the chil d is not only able to expand the vocabulary exponentially, but the sentences generated increase in length and intricacy. By their third birthday, the young children begin to follow the rules of grammar without necessarily sticking to any conventions of instruction. For instance, a 3-year-old child may say, â€Å"I goed to the shop.† Such sentence construction, although coming from a 3-year-old child, indicates the use of the general rule, also called overgeneralization or over-regularization, that we form the past tense by adding (-ed) to the word or phrase. The ‘overgeneralization’ or ‘over-regularization’ of language witnessed among the 3-year-olds demonstrates that children apply grammatical rules without necessarily making any appropriate exceptions (Maitland 134). However, as time goes and language development becomes further entrenched, young children achieve the capability to express more abstract notions, concepts and ideas that goes beyond t he physical realm around them, not mentioning that they also attain the capability to express their own feelings.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Applying Piaget’s Vygotsky’s Theoretical Concepts to Classroom Experiences Both Jean Piaget and Lev Vygotsky can be termed as the leading lights in the psychology of cognitive development due their classical works, which have been well documented in literature. It is indeed true that their theoretical concepts can be, and continues to be, used in modern classroom settings. This section aims to discuss five concepts from the theories of both Piaget and Vygotsky, and illuminate how these concepts can be applied to classroom experiences. Jean Piaget was a prominent psychologist of the 20th century mainly interested in aspects of developmental psychology, particularly in respect to how individuals acquire, retain, and develop kno wledge (Wittrock 41). Today, his concepts and theories are used by teachers across the world to enhance students’ learning experiences. In his theory of cognitive development, Piaget came up with the concept of assimilation and accommodation to denote two corresponding processes of adaptation through which awareness of the external world is internalized in the individual. In assimilation, what an individual perceives in the external world is incorporated into the internal world without necessarily changing the structure of the internal world, while in accommodation; the internal world is obliged to accommodate itself to the evidence and facts with which it is confronted, thus triggering an adaptation (Wittrock 43). This concept can be applied in modern classroom experiences by encouraging teachers to take an active, mentoring role towards students so as to enable them share in their learning experiences instead of pushing information to passive and sometimes uninterested stud ents. By observing children to have a comprehensive understanding on their growth and developmental patterns, Piaget came up with the concept of maturation to imply the children’s mounting capability to understand their world and those around them (McInerney 587). This concept further implies that children cannot comprehend or perform certain activities or duties until they are psychologically mature enough to be able to engage in those activities. This assertion has been overwhelmingly used by contemporary educators to form the basis for scheduling the school curriculum with a view to making sure that only those activities or learning tasks that children within a specific age-group can understand are indeed included in the curriculum.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Issues in Cognitive Development specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More In his theory of cognitive development, Lev Vygotsky came up with the conce pt of the zone of proximal development, which was aimed at explaining the idea that development should be defined both by what a child can be able to achieve independently and what the child can be able to achieve when he or she receives assistance from either an adult or a more competent peer (Slavin 47). This concept, along with the two levels of development, is useful for teachers in modern classroom settings to the extent that they can use it to objectively evaluate where the child is at a given moment in terms of learning outcomes, as well as where the child ought to be. In the context of curriculum development, educators and teachers can employ Vygotsky’s zone of proximal development concept to design a developmentally suitable curriculum, where learning activities are designed on not only what the learners are capable of doing on their own volition, but also on what they are capable of learning with other peers who are more proficient (Slavin 47; McInerney 590). Vygots ky’s concept of proximal development further suggests that educators in modern classroom settings must make sure to expose the children to instruction and activities that fall inside the zone of proximal development if effective learning is to take place (Woolfolk 156). For example, if a child is unable to recognize the sounds in a word or phrase even after been exposed to repeated prompts, the child may not be able to take advantage of the instruction in this type of skill. Additionally, extant literature demonstrates that instructors can employ this concept to, among other things, design instruction in such a way that it is capable of providing practice in the zone of proximal development for individual learners as well as for groups of learners (Woolfolk 159). For example, instructors can employ suggestions, clues and prompts that in the past assisted children during evaluation to form the basis for instructional activities. Vygotsky’s concept of cooperative learnin g can be used in the modern classroom setting to plan learning activities by bringing together children who are at different learning levels to assist each other to learn. What’s more, Vygotsky’s concept was later developed in 1976 by Wood, Bruner Ross to operationalize the concept of scaffolding. In its most basic form, the scaffolding concept represents the supportive interactions that take place between an adult and a child with the view to assist the child to accomplish an activity that is beyond his or her independent efforts (Slavin 88). In the modern classroom setting, the concept of scaffolding has been used by teachers to assist learners graduate from assisted to unassisted success at various learning tasks.Advertising Looking for essay on psychology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In a school biology class, for example, the instructor might utilize scaffolding by first providing learners with exhaustive guidelines that are needed to perform an experiment on osmosis, and afterwards provide them with concise outlines that they can use to structure further osmosis experiments. With time, the teacher might request the learners to perform the experiments exclusively on their own. Works Cited Maitland, Laura Lincoln. 5 Steps to a 5AP Psychology, 2010-2011 Edition. New York, NY: McGraw Hill, 2010. Print. McInerney, Dennis M. â€Å"Educational Psychology – Theory, Research, and Teaching: A 25 –Year Retrospective.† Educational Psychology 25.6 (2005): 585-599. Web. Slavin, Robert E. Educational Psychology: Theory Practice. 8th ed. Boston, MA: Allyn Bacon, Inc., 2005. Print. Wittrock, Mike C. â€Å"Learning as a Generative Process.† Educational Psychologist 45.1 (2010): 40-45. Web. Woolfolk, Anita. Educational Psychology. 11th ed. Upper Sad dle River, NJ: Prentice Hall, 2009. Print. This essay on Issues in Cognitive Development was written and submitted by user Cann0nball to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. 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Drugs and Behaviour essays

Drugs and Behaviour essays 1. a) The use of all natural products has become a new revolution in our society. More and more people are looking for alternative treatments and even preventative therapy to keep themselves healthy. Unlike traditional drugs and medication that face rigorous testing by the FDA (in the U.S.A), all natural products do not. This is because the 1994 Dietary Supplement Health and Education said that products that were labeled as dietary supplements could enter the consumer market untested. This lack of testing on these supplements makes them even that much more dangerous because no one knows what the effects of them are in terms of interactions with other supplements, overdosing and mixing with other pharmaceutical drugs. When consumers see the term all-natural, our eyes light up because we think that were getting something that is safer. The truth of the matter is that just because something is all-natural, doesnt make it safer. b.) A lot of supplements contain somewhat of the same active ingredients as drugs. Evidence also suggests that one or more ingredients in St. Johns Wart contain pharmacologically properties similar to that of drugs. From a legal standpoint however, these all-natural dietary supplements are not considered drugs. This is because of legal issues and legislation that was discussed in question 1 (a). The FDA in the U.S cannot regulate dietary supplements as drugs, and the U.S Drug Enforcement Administration (DEA) cannot enforce any pertinent laws toward these dietary supplements. So therefore these all-natural dietary supplements are not drugs. c.) There is a big difference between drugs and medicine. First let me start off by saying that the practice of medicine is the science of diagnosing, treating, or preventing disease and other damage to the body or mind. Medication or medicine as its routinely called is an agent, such as a drug, used to treat disease or injury. Medicine is usual ...

Your Top 10 Job Options with a High School Diploma

Your Top 10 Job Options with a High School Diploma top media’s unusual career correspondent is reporting that the 10 highest paying jobs that don’t require a college degree are: 10. court reporterthis field requires attention to detail, fast typing skills, a background check, and a few certification classes. salary ranges from $29k-$104k9. power distributors and dispatchersresponsibilities: coordinate, regulate, and distribute power like electricity and steam. hs diploma, long term on the job training. avg wage $71k.8. pilotscommercial, private, corporations: you get to fly planes! $73-110k average salary, but with huge variety depending on the type of license and specific responsibilities.7. detectives and criminal investigatorspursue investigations of potential breaches of state and federal laws, work like agents on csi, and earn $74k on average! hs diploma required.6. nuclear power reactor operatorsdon’t let homer simpson fool you, you use advanced equipment to monitor and record data. high school diploma requ ired, along with long term on-the-job training.5. elevator installers and techniciansthink how many elevators there are in the world and how often they break. this is clearly a career with lucrative potential and longevity.4. radiation therapistrts use radiation to target cancer cells, observe patients, and complete documentation. $77k average salary. this requires a 2-year associate degree or certificate.3. construction managerthis will need a few years of experience, but you can advance quickly to an on-call position where you administer corporate policies and supervise workers on projects. $41k – $130k.2. transportation, storage, distribution managersplanning, directing, and coordinating logistics in accordance with company policies and government laws. average wages are $81k.1. air traffic controllersafter lots of tests, screenings, background exams, and classes, you can be eligible to direct planes on runways! median salary is $122k per year and you earn every penny beca use this gig is stressful.https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yxzs4oqnkr4

The psychology of South African's acceptance of segregation Thesis

The psychology of South African's acceptance of segregation - Thesis Example cial education has been launched to cater to learners that are under the classification poverty, health problems, nutrition, street children and children who are affected by the impact of HIV/Aids, discrimination is clearly seen in this aspect, in addition to that, this project resulted to facilities and learning tool problems. (Eloff & Kqwete, 2007). Statistics shows that South Africa’s population by race shows that 79.6% are Africans, 9.1% Whites, the Coloured population is 8.9% and finally the Indian/Asian population is 2.5%. (South Africa’s population) Africans has the greater percentage of the population. That proves their greatness in number yet discrimination in social aspects still exist in their own land because of the lack of values of social policies and equal rights. Discrimination in South Africa is also classified not only by race but social status as well. Before, the Aparthied, taken from the word â€Å"separateness† is a policy in racial segregation that was followed in South Africa. The Aparthied gave limited rights to the African people. But before this policy was put in place, racial segregation and white supremacy ruled. The majority of Africans opposed these restrictions. Aparthied was continuously been criticized internationally. In 1990, the president F.W de Klerk formally proclaimed that Aparthied is put to an end. Today discrimination still exists and there has been continuous efforts and protest to put an end to it. Africans have suffered from a long history of discrimination, and this clearly shows that violation in human rights has been visible in many aspects in the society like education, housing rights, status and race. Although numerous efforts and protest from both social groups and the government tried to eliminate the existence of discrimination in South Africa, it is still visible in a lot of aspects in the society. Africans think that the aspect of race in South Africa should not determine the capability and hinder

Competitor Analysis Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Competitor Analysis - Research Paper Example The company has further sought to streamline the electronic payment process as a way of boosting consumer confidence on the purchasing processes offered by the company. eBay has further introduced an application that allows consumers to order goods from vendors online and have these goods delivered to them in about 1 hour. This application promises to increase online sales as it intends to make shopping an entertaining affair. Indeed, the main idea behind the introduction of this application was to make shopping a form of entertainment thereby attracting more potential customers (Jeff, 2013). One of the key features of eBay’s future is the digital wallet. Digital wallet refers to a form of payment where a consumer gets to pay through their phone. Amazon, on the other hand, relies mostly on ‘showrooming’ as a way of interacting with its consumers. Showrooming allows consumers to check products in a store with a view to purchasing them online from a different vendor. This approach to online shopping has made Amazon the default online shopping destination for most consumers. One of the benefits that come with this approach is that it allows consumers to make a guided decision before they can purchase goods. Amazon, just like eBay, can be blamed for trying to drive retailers out of business. The two companies use drones to deliver purchases and in the process eliminates retailers from the chain of distribution. Over the last few years, physical retailers have lived under threat from these two companies. Unlike eBay, Amazon provides a bar-code scanner in most of its mobile applications that enable consumers to compare prices while doing shopping online (Bob, 2013). Upon choosing the goods they would like to buy, consumers have the privilege of having these goods shipped to them. The shipping process used by Amazon is similar to the one

The Concept Of Leadership Management Essay

The Concept Of Leadership Management Essay The concept of leadership had now been not only within the frame of team, organization etc. it had been spread around the world and world is influenced by this concept. Leadership is very much required in todays turbulent world because of various crises etc. Leadership is also a universal concept. It is also a part of management and also considered as a management function. Leadership is also interconnected with other management functions such as planning, organizing, communication, motivating, coordination and controlling. There had been various confusions in the concept of leadership starting from definition of leadership till theory and approaches of leadership. Many researchers of management concepts such as Max Webber, Mary Parker Follet, F.W Taylor etc. have lead to serious development of leadership concept. The concept of leadership had been researched by various researchers leading to various findings. Findings such as leadership theories, approaches or styles had been analyzed and it is interpreted and given below. Further, Leaders are born or made is a biggest argument of century. This is what the whole research argues to conclude. Leadership There had been various definitions researched by various researchers. The universal definition of leadership is working with and through people and influencing the behavior of people towards the achievement of common goals. Leading is a management function without which management cannot step into next function which will interrupt the total organizational job and performance. Leadership involves four element: Leader/Persuader. Follower/Persuadee. Situation. Communication. Leader Leader is a person with the ability to influence or persuade the behavior of his/her subordinates towards a common objective or task to which the leader is focusing on. Effective leader is a person who positively influence another persons behavior through effective approach or style relating to the leadership theory used which turns the behavior towards achievement of goals effectively and efficiently. Role of effective leaders There are twelve different roles that an effective leader performs and these twelve roles are categorized into three categories and its stated below: Create an Inspiring Vision Lead by Example Create an inspiring vision, establish shared values, give direction and set stretch goals. Manage change strategically, take risks, create change, lead change, manage resistance to change. Lead by example, practice what you preach, set an example, and share risks or hardship. Demonstrate confidence, win respect and trust without courting popularity. Empower, Inspire, and Energize People Be enthusiastic, inspire and energize people, create a positive work environment. Empower people, delegate authority, be open to ideas, have faith in the creativity of others. Communicate openly and honestly, give clear guidelines, set clear expectations. Empathize, be willing to discuss and solve problems, listen with understanding, support and help. Build and Lead a Team Use team approach, facilitate cooperation; involve everyone; trust your group; rely on their judgment. Bring out the best in your people, have common touch with them; coach and provide effective feedback. Permit group decision, help your team reach better decisions. Monitor progress, but dont micromanage, lead your team; avoid close supervision, do not over boss, do not dictate, lead team self-assessment. To further discuss, an effective leader acts as a :- Clarifier who listens, summarizes and makes things clearer. Coach who encourages others to develop skills. Facilitator who helps the group set goals, make decisions, choose direction, and evaluate progress. Delegator who helps each group member apply their talents and interests to the groups goals. Initiator who gets things moving. Manger who helps coordinate the parts of a project and keeps an eye on program. Mediator who helps resolve differences. Networker who connects people with people and people with ideas to move the project forward. Problem solver who suggests solutions and ways to get things done. Visionary who sees creative solutions, new directions and possibilities. It is identified six important roles are required during various changes occurring in the environment. They are: Role model Sponsor Decision maker Voice Motivator Enforcer Skills of a leader According to management concept, skills are categorized into three divisions such as conceptual, human and technical skills. After various researchers findings being analyzed it had been concluded that an effective leader requires the following skills: Vision, mission and goal Competency Communication Inspiration Interpersonal Positive attitude Discrimination and strategic thinking Honesty/integrity Dedication/commitment Magnanimity/humility Open minded Creative/innovative Assertive/decisive Self-awareness Know the stuff Encouraging Practice makes perfect Passion Persuasion Delegate, empowering and fearlessness Genuine Supportive Motivating Emotional intelligence Employee-relations Crisis management Ownership and responsibility fairness Leadership Theories Leadership had been one of the concept universally researched by many, individually or jointly and which had resulted into various theories in the past centuries and it had been revised for various benefits. Out of these various theories major eight theories are discussed below: Great man theory Trait theory Behavioral theories Role theory. McGregors Theory X and Theory Y. Managerial grid. Participative leadership Lewins leadership style. Likerts leadership style. Situational leadership style Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership. Vroom and yettons normative model. Houses path goal theory. Contingency theories Fiedlers Least preferred co-worker(LPC) theory Cognitive resource theory. Strategic contingency theory. Transactional leadership Leader Member-Exchange (LMX) theory Transformational leadership Burns transformational leadership theory. Bass transformational leadership theory. Kouzes and Posners leadership participating inventory. Great Man Theory This theory is brought by Thomas Carlyle in 1840s stating that The history of the world is but the biography of great man. This theory is informed with the assumption that leaders are born and not made. He also assumes that great leaders will arise when there is a great need and that this is power inheritance within men. The greatest critique or counter argument for this theory arose in 1860 by Herbert Spencer that You must admit that the genesis of a great man depends on the long series of complex influences which has produced the race in which he appears, and the social state into which that race has slowly grown. Before he can remake his society, his society must make him which says that great men are the product of their societies and their actions would be impossible without social conditions built before their lifetimes. This theory makes us see a great man as heroic person from birth which shows examples such as Napoleon, Shakespeare, Martin Luther, Mahatma Gandhi etc. the counter argument of Herbert Spencer is the one that helped this theory to be alive from its findings till date. Trait Theory Trait theory is major area of study on human personality. Trait can be defined as behavior, thought, emotions, etc. of people that differs among people and influence behavior. It can be described as behavioral act through which leadership style has been performed. It also has similarity with great man theory. Gordon Allports three tier model: Gordon Allport was the first researcher to come up with this theory in 1936. He described four thousand personality traits. He categorized these traits into three levels: Cardinal trait- traits that dominate an individuals whole life and person becomes to be recognized. These traits are rare. Central trait- these are general characteristics that form the basic foundations of personality. These are the major characteristics that is used to describe another person but not dominating as cardinal trait. Terms such as intelligent, honest, anxious are considered central trait. Secondary trait- these are the traits that are sometimes related to attitudes and often appear only in certain situations. E.g.: getting anxious speaking to a group. 16 Personality Factors: Then, Raymond Cattell reduced the number of main personality traits found by Allports list of four thousand to one seventy one by eliminating uncommon traits and combining common characteristics. Then using, a statistical technique known as factor analysis, he identified closely related terms and reduced his list to just sixteen key personality traits. This is known as sixteen personality factor questionnaire (16PF). The sixteen personality traits are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, neuroticism, self-esteem, harm avoidance, novelty seeking, perfectionism, alexithymia, rigidity, impulsivity, disinhibition, psychotism. Since its findings in 1949, it had been revised four times, once in 1956, then 1962, 1968 and in 1983. Eysenk three dimensions of personality: Hans Eysenk, a british psychologist developed a three dimensional trait model which includes: Introversion/Extraversion introversion involves focusing on inner experience while extraversion focusing attention outward on other people and environment. So, person with high introversion might be quiet and reserved while those with high extraversion might be sociable and outgoing. Neuroticism/Emotional stability This dimension is related to moodiness versus even-temperedness. Neuroticism refers to an individuals tendency to become emotional while stability refers to the tendency to remain emotionally constatnt. Psychoticism Individuals who are high on this trait tend to have difficulty dealing with reality and may be anti-social and manipulative. Eyesenk added this trait after studying individuals suffering from mental illness. Big Five Personality Trait Model: Big five framework of personality traits from Costa and McCrae emerged based on research findings of Eyesenk and Cattell. This emerged because Cattell focused on too many traits and Eyesenk focused on too few. This model focuses on five core traits that interact to form human personality. Those five traits are: Extraversion Agreeableness Conscientiousness Neuroticism Openness Many psychologist believe this model is not only universal but also have biological origins. Totally, trait theory was researched by various other researchers such as D.W.Fiske(1949), Norman(1967), Smith(1967), Goldberg(1981) etc. One of the famous research work is Stogdills trait research. Stogdill (1974) identified the following traits and skills as critical to leaders. Traits are: Â  Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Persistent Self-confident Tolerant of stress Willing to assume responsibility Skills are: Clever (intelligent) Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organized (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled McCall and Lombardo (1983) researched both success and failure identified four primary traits by which leaders could succeed or derail: Emotional stability and composure: Calm, confident and predictable, particularly when under stress. Admitting error: Owning up to mistakes, rather than putting energy into covering up. Good interpersonal skills: Able to communicate and persuade others without resort to negative or coercive tactics. Intellectual breadth: Able to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow (and narrow-minded) area of expertise. To be finally said that trait theory as great man theory follows the same phrase of Leaders are born, not made. The only difference it also includes an extra element of personality rather than looking it as a historic way. Behavioral Theory After the criticism of trait theory, many researched leadership in the form of behaviors, values etc. which lead to the behavioral theory that states behaviors of leaders pave way to learn and engage in leadership very easily. It also states that great leaders are made, not born. This theory focuses on actions of leaders, not on mental qualities. People learn to become leaders through teaching and observation. Under this theory there were two great studies: Ohio State University Study This study was conducted by a group of people from Ohio state university. They developed a list of one-fifty statements which was designed to measure nine different behavioral leadership dimension. The resulting questionnaire is known as Leaders Behavior Description Questionnaire(LBDQ). This was provided to students, administers, even to military personnel. The primary goal of the study was to identify common leadership behaviors. After analyzing the results, study led to a conclusion that there were two group of behaviors that were strongly correlated. These were defined as consideration(People oriented behavioral leaders) and initiating structure(Task oriented leaders). University Of Michigan Study(1950s) This study was led by Dr. Rensis Likert. This leadership study identified three characteristics of effective leadership. Two were which already found in Ohio State University study. Third dimension which was found in this study was participative leadership. Some of the theories that are categorized under behavioral theory are listed below: Role Theory Various researchers are involved in this theory. Some are Margaret Mead, Talcot Parsons and Robert k. Merton. But, this became famous through B.F. Skinner. Role theory states that followers are able to send their expectations of how their leaders might act and leaders also have expectations of their own roles and responsibilities of how to act to the situation. If the leader is so sensitive to people they may accept the followers expectation. This theory really states what the leader should do depending on situations. This might also solve conflicts and sometime lead to role-conflict. It shows that the way the leader acts in the normal life must be implemented when they are needed to act as a leader. This can be considered as an avatar or second life. The leaders who are role-playing may require their followers to act as they do. To be said in phrase Do as I do. This theory can take any style such as autocratic or sometimes democratic. This depends on the behaviorism of leader i.e. the way they look or the way they act etc. McGregors Theory X and Theory Y This theory was developed by McGregor in 1960s. This theory outlines the motivation need and behaviorism of leaders. Theory X outlines that leaders think their followers are lazy and doesnt want to work, they are who wants to ignore work as wherever possible. Leaders also think that they are responsible to restructure their followers through high restrictive supervision and a punitive atmosphere. This might lead to mistrust and cause diseconomies of scale in large business. Theory Y outlines that leaders think that their followers are ambitious, self-motivated and they know what their responsibilities and make themselves work to what they seek. This influences the leader that their only job is to make available a comfortable environment for workers purpose. This improves superior-subordinate relationship, participative skills, human resource development ability, conflict solving etc. Managerial Grid Managerial grid is also known as leadership grid. This is formed by Robert Blake and Jane Mouton in 1960s. It is a graphical portrayal that depicts two dimension of leader behavior; concern for people on y-axis and concern for production on x-axis. This grid ranges from low(1) to high(9), creating 81 different positions to which leaders style may fall. Five leadership styles that results in the graph are :- Indifferent or Impoverished Management (1,1) In this style leaders have low concern for people and production. Leaders use this style to preserve job and job seniority, and protect themselves by avoiding getting into trouble. The main concern of leaders is not to be held responsible for any mistake. Employees will have high degree of dissatisfaction, disharmony within group. Ineffective approach resulting ineffective operations and decisions for organizations. Country club or Accommodating (1,9) Leaders have high concern for people and low concern for production. Leaders have qualities of yield and compliance to the situation. Leaders pay attention to the security and comfort of peoples hoping that performance would increase. Atmosphere would be friendly but ineffective productivity. Employees are happy and harmony within team. Status Quo or Middle of the road Leaders in this style try to balance and compromise between company goals and workers needs. Leaders try to achieve the needs of people and production but its not really met. Even though if it is met it will be average production. There will be good harmony in teams and average production. Dictatorial or Produce, Perish or Control (9,1) Leaders focus all their attention to production related matters and very little towards the needs of followers. Leaders will dominate as they hold the belief that gain could be achieved through rigid disciplines. This style remains effective where human interaction remain less. Productivity is short lived. This style is inspired by McGregors Theory X. followers experience high level of dissatisfaction and there will be high level of conflict within group. Sound or Team (9,9) This is considered as the most effective leadership style where leaders will contribute, are committed, can motivate and are motivated while believing that trust, respect and empowerment are essential for fostering a team environment where followers are motivated which results in maximum employee satisfaction as well as most efficient productivity. This is inspired by McGregors Theory Y. To this grid later certain additions were made: Opportunistic style Leaders using this style do not have a fixed location on the grid and they adopt the behavior that offers the greatest benefit. Exploit and manipulative characteristics. Paternalistic style Leaders using this style support and guide and discourage challenges to their thinking. This style defined to alternate between the (1,9) and (9,1) locations on the grid. Behaviors of initiative, inquiry, advocacy, decision, conflict, critique, resilience were associated with managerial grid. Participative Leadership Style Participative model can be known as an approach or style as well as a theory in leadership concept. Participative theory is also known as democratic theory which is described under title of leadership approaches below. This theory views that leaders make available a clear definition roles/responsibilities to his/her followers and leaders require their views or participation to the task or situation which increases motivation, commitment level and more collaborative and creativity. Participant may be subordinates, peers etc. But, the decision will be made by the leader through various views are taken. Many methods exists such as consultation, democratic leadership, management by objectives, joint decision making etc. Negative impact is, if the participants view is totally neglected the followers may feel as they are betrayed and less motivated leading to less commitment. Lewins leadership style In 1939, Kurt Lewin with Ron Lippit and Robert White came up with three set of leadership styles which are autocratic, democratic/participative and delegative/free-rein (Laissez-Faire) styles. Autocratic leader takes his own decision without consultation of members, Laissez-Faire style leader allows the followers to work on their own and participative leader takes decision with the consultation of his/her followers. Even, Kurt Lewin says that participative leadership is the most effective leadership style among his three findings. Likerts leadership style Rensis Likert and his colleagues studies the styles of leaders for three decades at University of Michigan and identified a four model system. This model was based on basis of questionnaire which is provided to managers at various managerial positions in over two-hundred organizations. Likerts four leadership style are : System 1 Exploitative Authoritative Responsibility lies in the hands of top managers. Superior has no trust, confidence in subordinates. Subordinates are not allowed to participate in decision making. Communication is very little and motivation is based on threats. System 2 Benevolent Authoritative Responsibility lies at managerial levels but not at lower level of organizational hierarchy. Superior has confidence and trust in subordinate which involves master-servant relationship. Still subordinates do not feel free to discuss things about the job with their superior. Communication is very little and motivation is based on reward system. System 3 Consultative Responsibility is widely spread throughout the organization. The superior has substantial confidence in subordinates. Some discussion about job-related things take place between superior and subordinates. Fair communication takes place and motivation is based on rewards and involvement in job. System 4 Participative Responsibility to achieve organizational goals is widely spread throughout the organizational hierarchy. Superior has high level of confidence in subordinates. High level of team work, communication and participation. Likert compares the four systems on the basis of leadership process, motivational force, communication process, interaction-influence process, decision making process and concludes that system 1 and 2 are least productive whereas system 3 and 4 are most productive. Finally, it is noted that system 4- participative model is the most effective style among the four systems. Situational Leadership Style As participative style, situational leadership is also considered as a style and theory. The famous leadership model discussed under this theory is Hersey and Blanchards leadership style discussed below. This theory shows the effective leadership style to be chosen defending on the situation i.e. depending to the maturity level and ability to willingness etc. This theory was first introduced as Life cycle theory of leadership which is renamed to situational leadership in mid 1970s. Hersey and Blanchards Leadership style First, Hersey and Blanchard developed their own situational leadership concept. In 1970s, they mutually agreed and developed the concept of situational leadership based on task and relationship behaviors that leader provides to the followers. They categorized all leadership styles into four behavior types which they named as: S1 : Telling/Directing high task focus and low relationship focus. Leaders define the roles and task of followers. Decisions are made by leaders and announced, so communication is largely one way. Followers need direction and supervision to get started. This is required for people who lack competence but are enthusiastic and committed. S2 : Selling/Coaching high task focus and high relationship focus. Leaders define roles and tasks to followers and also seek suggestions from followers. Communication is two way. Followers need direction and supervision because they are still inexperienced. They need support to build self-esteem and involvement in decision making to restore their commitment. This helps for people who have some competence but lack commitment. S3 : Participating/Supporting low task focus and high relationship focus. Leader pass day to day decisions to followers but control is with the followers. This is required for people who have competence but lack confidence or motivation but, they do not need much direction because of their skills. S4 : Delegating low task focus and low relationship focus. Leaders are still involved in decision and problem solving but control is with followers. Follower decides when and how leader will be involved. It is useful for people who have both competence and commitment. They are able and willing to work by themselves. Hersey and Blanchards situational leadership style developed four levels of maturity: M1 : followers of this maturity level lack specific skills or knowledge to work on their own. They need to be directed and supervised. M2 : they are willing to work but are unable to take independent responsibility to the task on which they are willing to work. M3 : followers at this maturity level are experienced and are able to work on the task but lack confidence to take the responsibility. M4 : followers at this maturity level are ones willing to take the task and be responsible for it and they have the experience to work on it. A good leader develops the competence and commitment in followers, So they are self-motivated rather than being dependant. So, Hersey develops four combination of competence and commitment which is known as development level. D1 Low competence and high commitment D2 Low competence and low commitment D3 High competence and low commitment D4 High competence and high commitment Competence shows ones task focus, experience etc. and commitment shows ones confidence and motivational level. Vroom and Yettons Normative Model This model is created by Vroom in collaboration with Yetton and later joining hands with Jago. The Vroom-Yetton-Jago model identifies five different styles on situation and level of involvement. They are: Autocratic type 1 (A I) Leader makes the decision on his/her own with the information he/she readily have at the time. This style is completely autocratic. Autocratic type 2 (A II) Decision is made by the leader, but information from relevant followers are collected. Decision or the problem is not informed to the followers. Followers only involvement is providing information. Consultative type 1 (C I) Leaders make the decision alone but he/she shares the problem to relevant followers individually and seek their ideas. Followers do not meet each other and leaders decision may or may not reflect his/her followers i

Reverse Logistics

REVERSE LOGISTICS SUPERVISED BY: ASSOCIATE PROFESSOR M. RAKOVSKA PREPARED BY: TATYANA BLAGOEVA FACULTY NUMBER: 10114004 Contents A Supply Chain Opportunity3 What is Reverse Logistics? 3 Case Examples4 Money is Hidden in Returns5 Reverse Logistics Completes the Supply Chain System6 Reverse Logistics and the Supply Chain Maturity Model11 Concluding Case Study Example13 The results were impressive:14 A Supply Chain Opportunity Most practitioners have their own understanding of the fundamental processes involved in an extended supply chain network.The novice will tell you it starts upstream with suppliers supplying suppliers, moves through manufacturing and production and goes downstream through distributors or direct to the business customers. An improvement effort starts within the four walls of a business by drawing a process map and working on product, information and financial flows to improve the key steps in the linkage that will save time, money and use of assets. The journeyman will go further and explain that a supply chain continues externally, until products and services have been delivered to the end consumer.System improvement involves order management, planning and distribution, inventory management and effective customer satisfaction. This counselor knows that supply chain is about bringing the key process steps to best practice and optimized conditions, while receiving high satisfaction ratings from the customers and consumers. The seasoned professional will shake his or her head and calmly explain that the journey is not ended until the products and services elivered have been accepted. If there is dissatisfaction with the results of the supply chain and something is returned, the processing continues. We stand with those who favor this extended enterprise view of supply chain, which results in the total satisfaction of the end consumer. There is a great opportunity in that sense, to focus on the generally forgotten or too often lower priority are a of attention given to finishing the job – going the last few feet in the linkage.When it comes to completing the end-to-end processing, companies should do two things: * Take the full view and understand the total cost of supply chain, which includes having and dealing with returns * Realize the opportunity that an analysis of the return part of the system offers in terms of finding and solving problems, better satisfying customers and consumers, and discovering a way to increase revenues What is Reverse Logistics?When considering any area of business as an opportunity for improvement, begin with having an understanding of just what you are trying to change. What is Reverse Logistics? The broader concept of  logistics  is described by The Council of Supply Chain Management Professionals (CSCMP) as:   The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information f rom the point of origin to the point of consumption for the purpose of conforming to customer requirements.Wikipedia defines the narrower concept we are considering as:  Reverse logistics is the logistics process of removing new or used products from their initial point in a supply chain, such as returns from consumers, over stocked inventory, or outdated merchandise and redistributing them using disposition management rules that will result in maximized value at the end of the item’s useful life. For our purposes, reverse logistics includes all the activities that are mentioned in the definition above, with the difference that reverse logistics encompasses all of these activities as they operate in reverse.Therefore, according to authorities Dr. Dale S. Rogers and Dr. Ronald S Tibben-Lembke, reverse logistics becomes: The process of planning, implementing, and controlling the efficient, cost effective flow of raw materials, in-process inventory, finished goods and related information from the point of consumption to the point of origin for the purpose of recapturing value or proper disposal. To settle on a specific definition, reverse logistics is the process of moving goods from their typical final destination for the purpose of capturing value, or achieving proper disposal to the satisfaction of the customer or consumer.Remanufacturing and refurbishment activities may be part of the procedure. Reverse logistics includes processing returned merchandise due to damage, seasonal inventory, restock, salvage, recalls, and excess inventory. It also includes recycling programs, hazardous material programs, obsolete equipment disposition, and asset recovery. For a practitioner, the disposition choice is determined by the most profitable alternative: * Reconditioning –  when a product is cleaned and repaired to return it to a â€Å"like new† state Refurbishing –  similar to reconditioning, except with perhaps more work involved in re pairing the product. * Remanufacturing –  similar to refurbishing, but requiring more extensive work; often requires completely disassembling the product * Resell –  when a returned product may be sold again as new * Recycle –  when a product is reduced to its basic elements, which are reused – also referred to as asset recovery. Case Examples A business printer field service and reverse logistics model helps explain how an operating system works.The process for such a firm starts when a business customer with a problem calls an original equipment manufacturer (OEM) or third party customer support contact, both of which are used in an attempt to diagnose the problem and provide problem resolution instructions if applicable. An OEM field technician or third party certified technician attempts to repair the equipment on-site. If unable to make the repair, the unit is sent to the OEM or certified third party repair facility, where a regional-based loan er or exchange program may be available. The unit is then repaired at the OEM or third party repair facility.The OEM then ships the returned unit or comparable unit back to the customer, or places the unit in used stock if an exchange is previously provided. A field technician is then scheduled to install the loaner unit, exchange units, or repair equipment at the customer site   As an example, consider firms involved in the aftermarket sales and services business, and how reverse logistics plays a role. Products in this business can include accessories, replacement parts, and repair and service parts. The services could include: product and technical support, training, product documentation, warranty and claims management, and field service repairs.As an adjunct to these products and services, reverse logistics fits the definition by providing for: exchanges and in-warranty repair, out-of-warranty repair, maintenance, upgrades and retrofits, remanufacturing, and end-of-life asset recovery and hazardous material disposal. In the aftermarket business, field services and reverse logistics are generally considered one of the harder areas to manage, coordinate and operate efficiently. The area is often forgotten or given little consideration regarding launch of new products, importance to overall customer satisfaction and loyalty, and company profits.In a specific case example of how complex the situation can become and how allowances are made to assure proper services are provided, we can take a look at what Microsoft did when it decided to introduce its XBOX. The details help make the point about the importance of paying attention to the full supply spectrum, including reverse logistics. Microsoft decided to have the main product manufactured by Flextronics. Accessories would be produced by a variety of manufacturers. Distributors and electronics retailers were to perform the warehousing, distribution, and end customer sales functions.Solectron was used for af termarket warranty and customer repair services. Microsoft took the time to ensure the above capabilities were fully operational before the first XBOX was sold to an end consumer and that any returns would be processed effectively by the designated party. In another example, a cell phone reverse logistics model proved very beneficial for a firm selling such products under their brand name. This firm had the cell phones manufactured by LG Industries, Samsung, Motorola and others. Accessories were again manufactured by a variety of firms.Order taking and initial end consumer billing was performed by Amazon. Forward logistics, including warehousing, carrier service programming and order fulfillment were performed by CellStar. Cellular carriers such as Verizon and Sprint provided the monthly service. Extended warranty and product protection insurance was provided by lock/line. The customer call center service and reverse logistics was performed by CellStar. Money is Hidden in Returns Re asonable estimates made of the costs involved in the area we are considering indicate that reverse logistics as a part of supply chain could equal a half percent of the U.S. Gross Domestic Product, an enormous sum that often simply detracts from financial performance. Saving some of that money is one avenue for finding benefits. Understanding how to use reverse logistics to differentiate a business and build satisfaction and revenues with customers is generally hidden in the twilight of this area. If we take a look under the covers of this often neglected part of supply chain, we’ll see how a company can better understand the opportunities to eliminate many of the reasons for returns and turn dissatisfaction into satisfaction.The idea is to take a look and consider where you might do a better job with a nuisance part of your business. Let’s start by considering some common objective for reverse logistics initiatives. These include: †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Improved customer satisfaction and loyalty †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reduced repair / replacement unit costs †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reduced replacement turnaround times †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Feedback on hardware design and ease of use †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Feedback on OEM quality †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Feedback on end consumer education and first level customer support †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Improve understanding of real reasons for hardware returns †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reduce overall level of returns   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Standardize returns processes across enterprise where possible/desired †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Utilize common systems across enterprise and automate the returns process to the extent possible/desired †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Handle increased volumes of returns due to new products, programs, business par tners †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Enable demand driven supply chain concepts for returned products †¢Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Differentiate company services from the competition Reverse Logistics Completes the Supply Chain System Exhibit 1 – Reverse Logistics: Returns, Customer Service, Field Service, Repair and  ReplacementNow let’s look at how you turn the objectives into benefits. A glance at Exhibit 1 shows reverse logistics can include a multiplicity of actions, from returning goods from a consumer to the retailer or provider, receiving customer service or   having field service take place to repair or fix the item in question, or having the product sent to a third party for repair or replacement. The fact is that reverse logistics includes virtually all of these services, and we counsel a broad perspective should be taken to not let this area be a burden to the business.Most companies tend to place the involved operations in the hands of a subsidiary part of an existing logistics function and pay little attention to the effect it can have on the company’s brand, financial performance or supply chain efficiency. A better view is to take a harder look at this area of the supply chain and find ways to turn what is typically a nuisance into something of value to the business. To make sense out of what we’re considering, let’s remember that reverse logistics includes all of the activity related to the final disposition of products that must be removed from the supply chain system.Such activity involves the processes related to removing products from a supply chain that do not have value for the customer or end consumer. These products may be the result of poor workmanship, over-stocked inventory, outdated or obsolete design, damages, or general dissatisfaction with product performance. For whatever reason, someone at the end of the downstream side of the supply chain says â€Å"I don’t wa nt it† and the smart supplier will make it easy to return the goods.The goal is to make certain the least damage is done to the firm’s brand and reputation, and to handle the process so it results in a positive rather than a negative impression. A system of disposition management is required to handle such situations in an effective and rewarding manner, with the understanding that reverse logistics is far different than forward logistics. In the return situation, there must be a convenient point of collection for receiving the goods or to remove these goods from the supply chain.This process step can require inspection, re-packaging, storage, and salvage of any residual value that might exist; and the development of a transportation mode that is compatible with the existing forward system of supply. The range includes credits for unwanted goods that are returned to inventory, payment for damage that may or may not be a fault of the supplier, replacement of obsolete pro duct, and simply accepting the return of goods that have no apparent problem. Much of the goods in the last category are re-conditioned or re-packaged to go back into the system or to an alternate buyer.There are many examples of firms using this type of system to turn what used to be an out-of-pocket loss into a profit by re-selling the returned goods to a satisfied customer. Exhibit 2 – Reverse Logistics Model – Small Logistics Partner In the model depicted above, the partner receives the returned goods and makes a test to determine if the need is for disposal, there is a major defect and the unit must be repaired, or there is a cosmetic defect and the unit can be refurbished. In either of the latter cases, the unit is repaired and placed in stock for subsequent used stock order fulfillment.In a broader situation, as shown in exhibit 3, the process becomes more involved. Now we see the unit is returned based on the â€Å"return from† location and goes to a des ignated center. The same type of processing takes place, but may also include factory direct repair if authorized by the OEM. This model is more appropriate where large volumes of product are to be processed. Exhibit 3 – Reverse Logistics Model – Large Repair Partners A model used by a satellite TV service provider is described in exhibit 4, where we see different business partners being used for returns processing and minor defect removal versus major product defect repair.Exhibit 4 – Model for Satellite TV Service Provider Where there is sufficient volume, cost savings for using a regional test and refurbishment center can be significant. As shown in exhibit 5, we see the results of an actual example. In this case, the total annual savings of $3. 5 million was based on 1. 4 million returns. Exhibit 5 – Projected Cost Savings for Refurbishment Center Reverse Logistics and the Supply Chain Maturity Model Improving the reverse logistics process starts with making selections from the list of objectives a firm wants to accomplish with its attention to this generally neglected area of supply chain.Our list includes the following common intentions: * Improved customer satisfaction and loyalty – don’t lose customers because of a bad experience * Reduced repair, replacement or re-shipment costs – handle the process in an effective manner * Gain feedback from the process to eliminate root causes – demonstrate to the customer that the firm studies its problems and makes them go away * Improve understanding of the reasons for returns – get to the bottom of why the system did not function in a fail-safe manner * Utilize common systems and automate the returns process to the extent possible – Find the way to turn a problem into an opportunity for better customer satisfaction and a source of revenue * Differentiate the firm’s services from those of the competition – Use the experience to ga in customer confidence and build new sales With such a list in hand, the next step is to determine what is currently taking place to meet the objectives versus what must be done to assure they are fully met. The procedure must follow some basic principles, including: * Move credit/flag product receipt point for returned product as close to the customer as possible * Minimize shipping costs * Minimize refurbishment/repair costs * Minimize hand-offs between organizations, facilities, systems, etc. in order to reduce costs and overall cycle time CSC has developed a proven methodology for helping take this step. In Exhibit 6, we see the characteristics and capabilities a firm demonstrates, as it moves up the familiar supply chain maturity model.Beneath each level of the model, we see industry examples showing what a company can achieve as it makes its progress to higher levels of achievement. CSC has been very successful using this calibration matrix to help a firm position its reverse logistics activities against what can be achieved. Exhibit 6 – Maturity Grid – Reverse Logistics Concluding Case Study Example A concluding case study will help demonstrate the kind of hidden values we’ve been considering. The firm is a major provider of logistics services to the wireless communications industry, serving network operators, agents, resellers, dealers, and retailers, located in North America, South America and Asia. Sales are in excess of $2 billion. The business problem was typical of the industry.Strong competition and low margins were prevalent factors on traditional forward logistics services. The firm needed to improve its business customer and end customer service levels. There were increasing business customer demands for more timely and useful data. Existing processes were fragmented, inconsistent and error prone. It was a very labor and paper intensive situation. The company did have a vision: Focus on diversification into higher margin p roduct and service lines. Position the firm to provide more value added customer services with higher profit margins – especially around reverse logistics including end customer support, advanced exchange programs, asset recovery, warranty and repair services.The solution that emerged included some very typical steps in a reverse logistics situation. The firm assessed its existing application architecture and technical infrastructure along with the high level business requirements needed to achieve its vision. A packaged application was recommended to address gaps in reverse logistics capability and leverage existing IT infrastructure. The firm reviewed its existing operations and business processes and introduced industry best practice concepts for reverse logistics. Business process improvement workshops were conducted, which were used to highlight opportunities for standardization and guide new application software configuration, enhancement and implementation.Finally, the firm performed custom enhancements as needed and implemented new software to enable enhanced reverse logistics capability. The results were impressive: * Re-designed business processes, new reverse logistics application capability and outsourcing of non-core functions allowed them to expand and improve level of service to customers, increase sales revenue stream by adding new customers, and increase overall profit margins * The new reverse logistics solution enabled the following typical improvements for their business customers (before versus after): –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reconcile warranty credit – from 30+ days   to

Project proposal †workplace improvement - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 12 Words: 3478 Downloads: 1 Date added: 2019/10/10 Did you like this example? Aim The objective of the project is to suggest and test an improvement that can be made to enhance the quality of care and safety of the elderly inpatients aged 65 years and above. Since quality and patient safety are prerequisite practices in nursing, the project aims to achieve positive outcomes by directing the practitioners on how to carry out their practice while dealing with the elderly patients in medical wards. A time frame of one year will apply to achieve the outcomes. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Project proposal – workplace improvement" essay for you Create order Therefore, the project will be educative in nature by ensuring that the practitioners implement the desired evidence-based practice in the prevention of patient fall among the elderly inpatients. Setting The location of the proposed project will be in a hospital setting, within the medical ward. The setting hosts different patients presenting various ailments, and specifically the elderly inpatients. The project will impact positively on the management of the elderly inpatients within the hospital setting in regards to falls prevention. Therefore, the quality and safety performance will also be enhanced in the hospital setting, learning will occur, and patient safety will be promoted to greater extents. If successful, the intervention will be confirmed to be a functional approach that the nursing practitioners would apply at the workplace to ensure that the safety of their patients is guaranteed. Background Literature Review Patient Falls A fall is defined as an unexpected descent from a supine position, standing, or sitting position (Graham 2012). Falls are tragic in health care settings as evidenced by the large numbers of harm they impact on the affected patients. According to Graham (2012), falls are ranked second in the list of events that account for patient harm. They affect 2% to 17% of all patients in the course of their stay in the hospital (Hicks 2015). Trepanier and Hilsenbeck (2014) also supports the above argument by stating that most of the harm within a hospital setting result from patient falls. These arguments indicate that patient falls a critical issue compromising patient safety and quality of care. It is also stated that falls are the leading causes of injury-related deaths among older adults. The Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012)reports that at least 20% of the people who fall face a broad range of injuries classified as moderate or severe. Such injuries can impact the inde pendence of living as stated by (Graham 2012). In most occasions, the people that fall develop a phobia towards falling even if there were no injuries sustained in the past falls. The disadvantage of the fear is that it can lead to inactivity of these patients that potentially causes their immobility and a reduction of physical activities, which in turn place the patient in danger of falling. In studying patient falls, presenting the statistics is also essential because it helps to contextualize the issue, determine its prevalence, and quantify the overall impacts of the issue on the health systems. Statistics by Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) (2012) show that fall injuries in the people aged 65 years and above exceeded $19 billion in 2000, and its cost is expected to increase to $54 in 2020. There are reasons for the higher costs after a fall. For instance, after falling, there is greater use of health care resources and also as a result of increased hospital stay (Graham 2012). For example, in Goldsack, Cunningham, and Mascioli (2014), it was estimated that the cost hospitalization increased by $4, 200 in patients that sustained a fall as compared to those who did not maintain a fall. Hence, it implies that falls should be prevented to avoid such instances where the cost of treatment is increased, which also translates to overburdening the patient. Standards of Care Patient falls an issue of care and patient safety. Nurses are liable for patient safety within the hospital setting. They are also tasked with the identification of the patients at risk of sustaining injuries though falls (Hicks 2015, p. 51). Patient falls are classified as a quality indicator, and nurses should be committed to improving the care through nurse-led strategies. Falls are classified as nursing-related indicators of quality because they are related to the quality of care that a nurse offers in acute care (Quigley White 2013). Therefore, nurses should lead from the front as the people responsible for taking care of the patients. Since falls are hospital-acquired conditions, proper plans should be set up and implemented to identify the patients that are at risk of falling, and then evidence-based practices of fall prevention applied. Ultimately, there is intuition in postulating that falls prevention is an area of interest in nursing since it is related to the quality of care and patient outcomes in the hospital setting (Hicks 2015). However, the nursing practitioners require guidelines that can help them apply the desired evidence-based interventions in fall prevention. Routine Rounding There are numerous interventions that nurses can apply in fall prevention. However, concentrating on rounding can lead to positive outcomes in falls prevention among the elderly inpatients. Rounding is defined as the process through which a nurse intentionally checks on patients at regular intervals for the purpose of meeting their needs(Hutchings, Ward Bloodworth 2013). In this approach, nurses visit patients hourly on intention purposes but not to respond to an emergency call (Forde-Johnston 2014). Hourly rounding is also important in checking the position of the patients, assessing pain, and promoting patient comfort. Evidence shows that 50% of the total falls in an institution can be effectively avoided if nurses apply hourly rounding approaches of falls prevention (Hicks 2015). The tenets of hourly rounding include anxiety reduction, covering the four Ps (position, pain, potty, possessions), environment assessment, and informing the patients about the time of return of the staf f (Hicks 2015). However, the main question is whether hourly rounding is the best approach, among all interventions, that can lower patient falls in a hospital setting. The routine rounding intervention has also been covered by Tzeng and Chang-Yi (2012) by stating that it is a corrective approach centered on reducing the risks of patient falls in the hospital while seeking toileting services. The key issue in this study is that increment in the frequency of rounds by nurses around the times of vulnerability to falling has the potency to reduce risks of falls among the patients. Continued education on routine rounding will also equip the nurses and families with adequate knowledge regarding the practice. Round checks should be performed by all staff. Aides should also be requested to maintain the checks at night whenever a patient has the desire to leave the bed in the absence of the nurse to curb the adverse event. This is part of the hospital policy that nurses should attend in-services to improve their competencies in the area. By applying this policy in their study, Tucker et al. (2012) discovered that the number of falls dropped from 9 to 2 fall s in the first month of implementing the rounding intervention in the hospital. Another supporter of this evidence is the study by Olrich, Kalman, and Nigolian (2012), which found that hourly rounding decreased anxiety among the patients, and their reliance on the call system was decreased. Another suggestion by the study is that nursing assistants should be placed on each shift to help the nurses on shift to make hourly rounds. Forde-Johnston (2014) posits that nurses and their assistants are responsible for making hourly rounds and taking care of the patients’ needs. Therefore, as a result, positive clinical outcomes are achievable through the application of hourly rounding by the people assigned to carry out the task. The approach of routine rounding or hourly rounding has been in use for decades to promote, among other factors, a reduction in the rate of patient falls. Research has shown that hourly rounding is an appropriate evidence-based practice that has indicated positive outcomes in the prevention of falls in the hospital settings (Forde-Johnston 2014; Hicks 2015). Among the rest of the interventions, it is only the hourly rounding that makes a nurse attend to a patient on an hourly basis to check issues such as pain management and comfort the patient. Other matters such as toileting are addressed in the hourly rounding. However, the implication is that hourly rounding falls prevention tasks in a manner that enhances patient safety and quality of care. Ultimately, when addressed from another perspective, hourly rounding should be part of the hospital policy whereby nurses are subjected to in-service training, taught about the practice, and encouraged to apply it in their daily routine. The practice should be replicated in every other setting that intends to lower the intensity and expenses of injuries sustained by the elderly patients due to falls. Improvement proposed The specific intervention selected for the improvement of patient safety and quality of care is to make at least two rounds every hour within the medical wards occupied by the elderly inpatients aged at least 65 years. The rounds should be as frequent as possible. It is recommended that the people tasked with patient care should make as many rounds as possible within the same hour. Most of the previous evidence indicate that hourly rounds have the potential to reduce instances of patient falls (Forde-Johnston 2014; Hicks 2015; Hutchings, Ward Bloodworth 2013; Olrich, Kalman Nigolian 2012; Tzeng Chang-Yi 2012). The triangulation of evidence from the above studies means that rounding is a widely acclaimed evidence-based practice that can be recommended for the improvement of patient safety in hospitals. Since the project mainly covers the older adults aged 65 years and above, it implies that the rounding should be made in the wards where the older adults are admitted. Also, the same can be replicated in the residential aged-care homes. Apart from the nursing professionals, any other hospital worker can be trained on what to do to prevent patient falls. The study by Tucker et al. (2012) shows specifically that rounding can potentially reduce the number of patient falls experienced in the hospital. The study justifies the proposed improvement, and there is evidence that it can be applied to improve the safety of the elderly patients. It is evident that rounding is conducted in every clinical setting, but it is timed. The main purpose of rounding is to assess pain, to give medication, toileting, or when an emergency bell is pressed. However, the rounding that is proposed in this case is different because it is not meant to fulfill the above actions. The proposed rounding is to be done anytime and as frequent as possible during the day and at night. The rounding should be done by nurses and other aid workers in the hospital to check the positions of the patients on their beds or in any elevated position. If the adjustments are conducted as soon as possible, then the cases of falls will be decreased. By doing so, it is expected that the injuries sustained by the elderly patients through falls will be reduced, the cost of treatment will be shelved, and the length of hospital stay will also be minimized. Method The implementation plan will adhere to the guidelines provided by Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQH) (2009). The plan is an implementation guide that can be used both in hospitals and residential aged care facilities. The implementation plan will apply both informed decision-making and trial and learning. However, before the implementation of the proposed improvement, it should be noted that it will not be easier to address the fall prevention program in its entirety. Priority areas should be granted greater attention. The following are the proposed guidelines in the methodology. Use of reminders Reminders that are peculiar to the patient are to be utilized in the hospital setting. The reminders will be broadcast on paper, verbally, or through computer screens (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQH) 2009). These reminders will be presented publicly and in areas that are easily accessible. The main purpose of setting up the reminders is to prompt health professionals to recall information. Specifically, the reminders will address specific patients to enhance the accuracy of rounding and also to focus on an individual patient based on his or her needs. Patient-directed interventions In this approach, the elderly patients are encouraged to influence service providers (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQH) 2009). The providers will take note of the specific patients, record their needs and risks of falling, and then monitor them closely to prevent instances of falls. Educational outreach A hospital setting is composed of different professionals that collaborate in taking care of the patients. In this case, it is proposed that the trained professionals should meet the targeted service providers in their settings and demonstrate the intervention changes to them (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQH) 2009). The targeted service providers will be enlightened on the relevance of making the routine rounds, how to make the rounds, and why they should make the rounds as frequent as possible. Educational material Educational materials will be distributed to the targeted service providers. The materials include electronic, audio-visual, and printed information (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQH) 2009). The information is directive and offers instructions on what should be done on a step by step basis. The information is meant to enhance the performance of the service providers by promoting evidence-based practice. Progress auditing The progress will be audited and feedback provided. It is proposed that summaries of clinical performance over a given period should be provided. This approach will help to increase the awareness of the target group regarding their own practice, and the practice of the other service providers (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQH) 2009). Learning from trials will also be determined in this step. The practitioners will receive feedback information on what has been achieved and what is required for continuous spread of the implementation of the practice. They will be capable to determine what worked, what did not work, what should be changed, and what should be maintained. This is a technique aimed at improving the areas of weaknesses and maintaining the areas of strengths. Ethical issues The project will entail the participation of human subjects, which implies that the whole process should be ethical. In this case, the participants will be briefed about the objectives of the study. They will be informed of any risks likely to be encountered during the project. Additionally, the researcher will seek consent from the participants before subjecting them to the project processes. The participants will be requested to sign informed consent forms before proceeding (Cresswell Plano Clark 2011). Regarding the survey approach, the respondents will not be coerced to provide personal information that is deemed confidential. Therefore, confidentiality and anonymity will be upheld, and the data will not be accessed by third parties. The results will only be used for the purpose of the project. Techniques to assess project outcomes After the implementation of the recommendations based on the above methodology, the progress of the proposed improvement will be evaluated to determine its feasibility, and whether it is achieving the intended goals. The assessment plan will start immediately after launching the implementation of the proposed intervention. Before assessment of the outcomes of the intervention, the process will be assessed first using the following indicators. The proportion of the staff trained in the intervention of falls prevention. The percentage of the patients assessed as being at risk. The percentage of employees and patients that are satisfied with the intervention program. The applicability of the injury and falls prevention intervention Several tools will be used to assess the outcomes of the proposed intervention. It is advisable to use the already existing tools rather than developing new tools. In most cases, the most fundamental assessment tools to measure the progress of the program include observation, survey, and focus groups (Australian Commission on Safety and Quality in Healthcare (ACSQH) 2009). The three techniques have been in existence for long and have been used by various researchers. The proposed project will consider the use of survey and observation techniques for assessment purposes. Survey The survey methodology has been used in numerous health care studies involving a large number of participants. In the study by Hasson et al. (2014), the authors used the survey methodology to evaluate the outcome of the proposed intervention on organizational changes. Risk assessment of the speech in the study was also achieved by using the inquiry approach. The survey approach is appropriate when a broad cross-section of participants is involved. For instance, in Hasson et al. (2014), a total of 1472 respondents participated in the study; therefore, the use of survey approach was appropriate for this type of sample because it is reliable in the collection and analysis of huge amounts of data. In the proposed study, the survey will be used to collect responses from the participants regarding the applicability of the monitoring intervention of falls prevention. To enhance the quality of data, the researcher will test the questionnaire items for reliability. A preliminary sample of the questionnaire will be presented to a set of individuals for testing purposes. Afterward, the items will be edited following the recommendations of the initial sample before being presented to the study sample. Observation The observation technique will also be appropriate for this study to assess the changes made in fall prevention. In the proposed study, the nursing staff and allied health workers will be observed after undergoing orientation training on routine rounding. Approximately 1000 observations will be made in the course of the project. A checklist will be used to record the observations. For instance, every routine rounding will be recorded on the checklist using a tick. Observations will be made 12 hours each day until the end of the 1000th view. The technique has been previously employed by Chavali, Menon, and Shukla (2014) to observe the hand hygiene compliance among healthcare workers in a tertiary care hospital setting. To improve the quality of data collected, the observers will undergo training on correct rounding techniques. A preliminary observation will also be conducted on another healthcare environment issue and the results compared. Therefore, with the application of the prelim inary remark, inter-observer variation will be reduced, and the uniformity of data collection guaranteed Chavali, Menon, and Shukla (2014). Ultimately, the results will be expected to suit the needs of the project. Discussion The application of the proposed intervention has been supported by the previous studies, which implies that it can be used as an evidence-based practice in the clinical settings. As stated in the earlier studies, patient falls an issue of care and patient safety in health care facilities (Hicks 2015). Therefore, the problem can only be solved through nurse-led strategies. Nurses should maintain their functionality in enabling the implementation of the routine rounding intervention to reduce patient falls. The proposed intervention is aimed at improving the quality of care through full participation of the nursing practitioners as stated by (Quigley White 2013). Regarding routine rounding, Hutchings, Ward, and Bloodworth (2013) appropriately intentional checks should be conducted to confirm the safety of the elderly patients. Another study that supports the proposed intervention is Tzeng and Chang-Yi (2012), which states that routine rounding is a corrective approach to preventing fa lls. The implementation of the project is likely to encounter a series of challenges. The first challenge entails data collection in the clinical setting. For example, observation might be termed invasive by some participants especially when applied in the hospital setting. Some patients may also feel unsafe in the presence of the observer. Moreover, there are high chances of missing to record some of the critical observations. Another methodological constraint is that the participants might be conditioned to adhere to the routine only because they are being observed but later change the approach. Also, the survey approach requires adequate time for the staff to complete. Time constraints might affect data collection using the inquiry approach. The intervention itself presents several contextual implications. There might not be enough staff to constantly make rounds while at the same time attending to the other patients. This intervention requires the availability of an adequate number of the staff to achieve the desired outcomes. Additionally, change is usually resisted, and hence some of the nurses might be unwilling to participate fully. Further study is required to determine the attitudes of nursing practitioners on the change of clinical practices. Conclusion and recommendation The aim of the project is to determine whether routine rounding reduces the rate of falls among the elderly inpatients. The project is expected to offer a solution to the increasing trends in patient falls. The potential finding from the previous studies is that routine rounding potentially decreases the cases of patient falls. The proposed intervention is expected to promote the quality of care and patient safety in the selected hospital setting. The future study should implement other fall prevention interventions apart from routine rounding. Focus group technique is recommended as a methodology in the future studies. Ultimately, the nursing practice is expected to be enhanced as regards patient safety.