Communications Essay - 1968 Words

Freedom of speech is a right of individuals as they possess their own free will. Because of their free will, individuals have expressed their thoughts, desires, and aspirations through the mass media. Communicating freely with other affirms the dignity and worth of each and every member of society. Communication remains Gods great gift to humanity without which we cannot be truly human, reflecting Gods image. Freedom of expression is essential in the attainment and advancement of knowledge. Communication brings forth various ideas and information. People today are better informed and more enlightened thanks to thriving press freedom and expanding mass media here and in many parts of the world. All points of view are represented in the†¦show more content†¦It backstabs, destroys images and reputations, covers up the truth, stimulates negatively, and imparts the wrong messages. There are so many examples of negative media coverage such as â€Å"Watergate†. Media portrays black folk in such negative stereotypes that people in other coutrieds perceive blacks as pimps, and hustlers as well as crooks and low-lifes. Moreover, people experience a freedom of the press that becomes an avalanche of conflicting information and opinion. It is a freedom that is often misleading. It confuses even as it is supposed to enlighten, it assails the senses even as it is supposed to refine them, it entertains more than it enlightens, it gossips more than it informs. The right to freedom of expression is being severely tested today as artistic expression is under attack, as some groups seek to impose their morality on the rest of society. Thus, media has become morally and creatively bankrupt. Media shows no values and moral ethics and the content is filled with no other topic but violence and sex. Consequently, media mirrors society by reflecting it as a society with low morals, with crime, sex, and pornography. It contributes to the national breakdown and the moral degradation of society. It has corrupted and exploited the freedom of the press. Again, this must cease! Media teaches by means of vibrations and images that leave a greater effect on the youth. People become victims ofShow MoreRelatedUnderstanding Communication : Communication And Communication1345 Words   |  6 PagesHANDBOOK UNDERSTANDING COMMUNICATION TYPES OF COMMUNICATION METHODS OF COMMUNICATION INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION STYLES COMMUNICATION STYLES COMMUNICATION ROADBLOCKS HOW TO OVERCOME COMMUNICATION ROADBLOCKS THE DO’S AND DO NOT’S OF EFFECTIVE COMMUNICATION HOW TO LISTEN EFFECTIVELY CONTENT PERTINENT TO SPORT STUDIES SYLLABUS SHELL PORTFOLIO EXIT EXAM STUDY GUIDES 3 AND 4 YEAR PLANS FOR MAJORS WRITTEN COMMUNICATION CHECKLIST ELECTRONIC COMMUNICATIONS PURPOSE OF THE COMMUNICATION HANDBOOK TheRead MoreCommunication Is The Science Of Communication1066 Words   |  5 PagesCommunication is important to strive in life, as well as, in integrated marketing communication. Human communication is described as having the creativity to contribute instead of the information. Creativity can help by making more efficiently with less. 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This will assist in work as a counselor because it will help in my networking about the city I currently work in and learning about how to make my resume stick out. The second fact that I’ve learned in this course is finding balance in your life so that youRead MoreCommunication Is The Language Of Communication1473 Words   |  6 Pagessaid, â€Å"The art of com munication is the language of leadership.† Communication is essential to business as well as interpersonal relationships. The ability to express oneself with coherence and cogency is of the utmost importance to your professional and personal success. Effective communication solves and also prevents problems. Think back to all those times you endured a conflict with a person or institution as a result of poor communication or a complete lack of communication. When people are notRead MoreInterpersonal Communication, Intercultural Communication And Communication1699 Words   |  7 PagesMy friend Vikas, told me everything he had to do and the struggles he conquered in order to make his own successful business here in the U.S. Some things he told be reminded me of interpersonal communication, intercultural communication, and intracultural communication. He had to have a lot of communication with his friend who also happened to be from India and some new friends and colleagues he met through his journey. Of course there was homesickness and the occasional depression, but that didn’tRead MoreQuestions On Communication And Communication1815 Words   |  8 Pages1. Analysis 1.1 Communication Talking about communication involves talking about the identity of the person talking as a communicative being therefore about his right to communicate. 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Outline the course of US intervention in mexico from 1910 to 1940 Free Essays

Before 1910, Mexico was under Diaz’s dictatorship. Diaz supported USA Business in Mexico, for example in oil and railways, for many years, and they also bought products from them, however, Diaz started supporting British business in Mexico, and as a consequence of this USA allows Madero to foment revolution and to declare the Plan of San Luis Potosi in USA territory. Then, Madero started receiving answers with uprisings in Mexico. We will write a custom essay sample on Outline the course of US intervention in mexico from 1910 to 1940 or any similar topic only for you Order Now In that way we can say that USA contribution with Madero gave start to the revolution. Then, in 1911, Madero became president. He took away USA trade privileges, and these cause a very bad relation between both countries. USA was discontent with this too, so the allowed Huerta to kill Madero, and the possibly gave him support to do it. Huerta takes over in 1913. Huerta made deals with the British over trade. The USA were not satisfied with Huerta’s regime, and so president Wilson turned the British against the Huerta regime. They also stopped a shipment of arms from getting to Huerta sent by Germany. Later, they found a Mexican cruiser, the dolphin, landed in a restricted area in USA, so they ask for the arrest of the sailors, an apology, and a 21 gun salute to the American flag. Huerta refuses. USA sends troops to Mexico and forces him to flee. They then take over Veracruz. All this creates an anti-USA feeling because by them taking Huerta out of power, no definite leader was left, and consequently there was a need to struggle. Later, in 1914, USA left Veracruz. Carranza takes over. The USA offers to recognize his regime if they gave him complete control and more power, however Carranza refused. Then USA makes an attempt to capture Villa, however it does not work, and almost ended in war. Later, Obregon appeared. He was against Carranza, and as USA was not very happy with him, consequently they helped Obregon with the counter revolution against him. USA also gets involved with the constitution of 1917, where Carranza was intending to support independency from USA. USA supports Obregon, and he takes over in 1924., and during his government there were little interventions, which include political involvements of USA in Mexico, such as the interference with the constitution in 1917 where they allowed the church to be expropriated from its power, and also encouraged to give more rights to the workers, and to allow foreign investment, but without the companies to ask for the aid of their government. Finally, in 1924 Calles takes over. In 1938, Calles announced that there would be no more trade with Britain or USA. This affected USA’s economy and so they were very angry and unhappy with these new law. To conclude I would like to say that the USA intervention between 1910 and 1940 was very important, and that it was basically the USA who really made possible the start of the revolution, by giving support to Madero to foment it. Also USA interfered politically and economically, but interventions varied within the different Mexican presidents, depending on their policy. As we have seen, it was Diaz who gave the more support to USA investment in Mexico, and all the other presidents were mostly against USA involvements, and so USA interference with Mexico decreased with time. How to cite Outline the course of US intervention in mexico from 1910 to 1940, Papers

America (586 words) Essay Example For Students

America (586 words) Essay AmericaannonThe United Stated is currently the most influential country on theface of the earth. Not only concerning the issues of money and businessbut also our choices of music clothes and recreational activities. Often times people think of countries such as Japan and China asbeing completely different. We think they have strange dress and oddcustoms, they are thought to have a completely different culture thanours. You will find that that is incorrect, the ir cultures are actuallyvery similar to ours. Because of the amount of clothing, food and otherproducts that we ship out of this country every day our culture has nochoice but to ooze out of our borders onto foreign soil. For example youcould walk i nto a modern Japanese society expecting a bunch of old peoplekneeling on dirt floors wearing kimonos and drinking green tea butactually find a society of youths wearing Levi jeans, trendy clothes,listening to American pop-rock music, and eating Big Mac s that they justbought from down the street at their local McDonalds. You could also finda group of people watching a football game and gossiping about the newmovie with â€Å"that really hot American chick in it†. Of course allcountries h ave different h olidays and traditions, they eat differentfoods and have customs that seem strange to us but more and more theirways seem to be becoming like those of us here in the United States ofAmerica. The question asks if I think that the influence of our â€Å"popculture† will continue. I think that that all depends on weather or notwe remain the worlds â€Å"super power† in the future. I think that the reasonthat we are imitated by other countries is bec ause of our wealth andpower. It is sort of like the United States is the most popular girl inschool. She has a bunch of followers who dress like her, do their hairlike her and claim to like the same music and movies as her. But nomatter how hard th ey try they can never quite keep up to her everchanging style. Much like the patterns of the countries that try toimitate the U.S. If you look closely at these cultures you will noticethat the clothes that they wear were the clothes that we wore ten yearsago and I wouldn’t be surprised if they are groovin’ to the sounds of theeighties as we speak. I often wonder why we haven’t picked up much of any othercountries culture. Sure, there have been fads like the Macarena and theon going like for foods such as tacos and chop suey, but every thing isalways somehow Americanized. I suppose it’s beca use we are sopreoccupied with our own appearances and our countries image that we don’thave time to stop and look around. Or maybe its the fact that we aretrying to convince ourselves that everybody wants to be like us and thatis how it will always b e. No matter what happens though, there is always a new popular girlthat everybody wants to be like. Her power dies down and the followersfind some one else to imitate. I think that sooner or later, maybe not inmy lifetime, that the awe of the United S tates will die down along withthe influence and the power on other countries and they will find someoneelse to follow or maybe they will gain the power and self respect to betheir own nation, to not pay attention to what everybody else is doing andmay be people will start to follow them.

Towards Morally Justifying Political Violence

Perhaps one of the most enduring political violence of modern times is the Arab-Israeli conflict, which owns its genesis in the legality of the Israel state. Of course there exist many other forms of political violence that continues to be demonstrated today by individuals and nations, including the ever present threat of terrorism from Muslim fundamentalists.Advertising We will write a custom research paper sample on Towards Morally Justifying Political Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Ellina Moore argues that discontent or deprivation of one form or another is generally taken to be the root cause of violent political behavior (267). Aristotle was of the opinion that an infuriated sense of justice triggers most political revolutions, while Karl Marx opined that political violence generally results from continuous ‘immiseration’ of the proletariat by the bourgeoisie. More recently, according to Ellina Moore , some political theorists have argued that political violence originates from the frustrations of individuals who fail to attain the values they believe they are entitled to achieve. These viewpoints draw their strength from the relative deprivation theory, which largely depends on individual interpretations of reality. The theory has received criticisms for demonstrating subjectivity in justifying political violence. This paper purposes to make an argument for the moral justification of political violence against a sitting government and the factors that should be considered before engaging in political violence. Men are innately violent in nature (Sedernberg 3), but this form of argument should not be allowed to take precedence in justifying political violence. However, some forms of actions taken by a sitting government may morally justify political violence when other efforts aimed at finding an amicable solution to the problem have been exhausted. Consider governments that for ce the population to follow alien philosophical orientations or prescribe to a particular religious order! A good example could be Fidel Castro’s socialist philosophies on the Cuban people and the former Taliban’s appetite for all people of Afghanistan to strictly follow the Sharia teachings according to the Muslim faith. Such governments first and foremost trample the basic human rights of freedom of association and worship as may be enshrined in the constitution and, as such, there exist a moral justification for political violence aimed at driving them out of power to establish order (Sedernberg 48). It should be noted that the underlying rationale for engaging in political violence in such a scenario must never be based on the propensity for hurting or killing others, but driving the oppressive government out of power.Advertising Looking for research paper on political sciences? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Political violence in a democracy may also be justified on account of forcing changes in policy on certain issues that may be affecting a large proportion of the population (Vries para. 2). However, this justification must be rigorously evaluated and tested against certain variables, such as the scale of the problem brought about by a particular policy deemed unfit, the number of people affected, if the government itself is the major cause of the problem, or when the government acts to obstruct effective solving of the problem. Political violence in such a scenario is justified by the fact that people should always ascribe to do good over evil, and therefore have a moral duty to use undemocratic means to reverse a punishing or evil policy. Democracy must never be carried in high value or esteem than the priority of good over evil (Vries para. 5). However, objective evaluations must be made beforehand to authenticate the fact that existence of such a policy has negatively affected a large proportion of the population, and reversing the policy is the only way to solve the problem. To pass the credibility test, such political violence should be devoid of subjective meanings or hurting personalities; on the contrary, it should be carried out to clean up the system and, again, establish order. Corrupt governments and others which abet crimes, such as money laundering, human trafficking and drugs trade, have no moral right to be in office and to continue governing the masses (Sedernberg 52). As such, the citizens have a moral right to use all the means within their reach to force such governments out of power, including the use of political violence. Again, political violence in this context should be viewed as a means to achieve the greater good to the greatest proportion of people, in line with the utilitarian theory of morality (Ellina Moore 272), and must never be viewed as a strategy for enhancing personal vendetta or a concerted effort to take over power th rough the backdoor. Such a framework of political violence can be used to free countries such as Columbia from the drug trade. Successive governments in the country, though democratically elected by the electorate, are bankrolled and to a large extent controlled by the mafia cartels. Respecting such administrations certainly imply that the ‘democracy of drug lords and mafia cartels’ is a higher value than the moral priority and justification of doing what is good (Vries para. 5). Lastly, political violence may be justified when governments fail to respect the constitution as the supreme law of the land, and when the sitting administration governs as though it is administering a personal entity (Sedernberg 55). According to the relative deprivation theory, people will always feel aggravated by situations that purpose to rob them of their basic rights, resources, wealth, and jobs, among others (Ellina Moore 274).Advertising We will write a custom research paper samp le on Towards Morally Justifying Political Violence specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Some governments, especially in Africa and Asia, have total disregard of the constitution and rule through parochial interests, sidelining whole societies from enjoying the national cake due to personal vendetta or for the reason that such societies did not vote for them (Sunstein 7). In Africa, this is the root cause of political violence, and it is morally justified in as far as the people concerned are fighting to get what is rightfully theirs according to the constitution. The task therefore is for the governments to always ensure that they govern in tandem with the wishes and aspirations of those who elected them – the electorate. Works Cited Ellina, M., Moore, W.H. Discrimination and Political Violence: A Cross-National Study with Two Time Periods. The Western Political Quarterly 43.2 (1990): 267-278. Sedernberg, PC. Fires Within: Politi cal Violence and Revolutionary Change. London: Harper Collins College Press. 1994. Sunstein, C.R. Legal Reasoning Political Conflict. New York: Oxford University Press. 1996. Vries, G.M. Justifications for Terrorism. 2005. Retrieved from http://web.inter.nl.net/users/Paul.Treanor/terrorism-Gijs-de-Vries.html This research paper on Towards Morally Justifying Political Violence was written and submitted by user Aniyah Heath to help you with your own studies. You are free to use it for research and reference purposes in order to write your own paper; however, you must cite it accordingly. You can donate your paper here.

Free Essays on Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles

Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles Sally and her friends all decide to go to the bowling alley on Friday. They all pile into one car and go to hang out at the bowling alley. Everyone gathers up there spare change they made throughout the week working with ma and pa. Its not much, but enough to bowl one game. They have fun and its time to go home. Everyone’s curfew is 10 o’clock, so they better hustle home. They all get home, wash their hands and brush their teeth. They are in bed by 11 o’clock. Sound familiar? Not to our generation, but probably to the generations of our parents. The main difference between the our parents generations and ours is that we live in a world of technology, rather than a manual one. Everything we do has to do with technology, from watching TV to cooking supper. We live in the computer generation world. You can do unimaginable things with the internet now, pay bills, apply for college, chat with people from other countries, and find about anything you want about any subject. When our parents were young they would go to school, come home and work till supper and then go to bed. They never really had free time until the weekends, that’s if their parents let them go out. Today kids run wild all over town, from Monday thru Sunday. We always find something to do like going to the mall or eating, whereas our parents usually only did that kind of stuff on the weekends. Another big difference is our morals and beliefs. Our parents generation was about working for all they had, and today we just sit back and relax while the parents w ork. We rarely ever have to help with the expenses of the family. We think that its ok to miss church on Sunday to go to the mall and shop, where as church was an every Sunday occurrence. Our parents generation was all about rituals and repetition, never anything out of the ordinary. Earlier generations also weren’t as advanced as we are. We might have the good, but we ... Free Essays on Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles Free Essays on Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles Separate Generations, Separate Lifestyles Sally and her friends all decide to go to the bowling alley on Friday. They all pile into one car and go to hang out at the bowling alley. Everyone gathers up there spare change they made throughout the week working with ma and pa. Its not much, but enough to bowl one game. They have fun and its time to go home. Everyone’s curfew is 10 o’clock, so they better hustle home. They all get home, wash their hands and brush their teeth. They are in bed by 11 o’clock. Sound familiar? Not to our generation, but probably to the generations of our parents. The main difference between the our parents generations and ours is that we live in a world of technology, rather than a manual one. Everything we do has to do with technology, from watching TV to cooking supper. We live in the computer generation world. You can do unimaginable things with the internet now, pay bills, apply for college, chat with people from other countries, and find about anything you want about any subject. When our parents were young they would go to school, come home and work till supper and then go to bed. They never really had free time until the weekends, that’s if their parents let them go out. Today kids run wild all over town, from Monday thru Sunday. We always find something to do like going to the mall or eating, whereas our parents usually only did that kind of stuff on the weekends. Another big difference is our morals and beliefs. Our parents generation was about working for all they had, and today we just sit back and relax while the parents w ork. We rarely ever have to help with the expenses of the family. We think that its ok to miss church on Sunday to go to the mall and shop, where as church was an every Sunday occurrence. Our parents generation was all about rituals and repetition, never anything out of the ordinary. Earlier generations also weren’t as advanced as we are. We might have the good, but we ...

19th Century Rural New England Family Essay Example for Free

19th Century Rural New England Family Essay ? 19th Century rural New England family was a protrusion of slave-master relationship that affected all facets of American socio-cultural life. The narrative of Frederick Douglass describe that interracial relationships between a slave woman and male master were common but these relationships never got any social or religious sanctity. Douglass portrayal of his mother clearly indicates the relationship with her master provided no solace to him but rather aggravated her pathos and miseries. It further manifest that such relationships were not based on any mutual warmth but were a manifestation of ‘gratification of their (masters) wicked desires profitable as well as pleasurable†. (p. 166) The slave child, production of this relationship, was not entitled to any privileges or rights, socially or legally. So it was quite likely that â€Å"the children of slave women shall in all cases follow the conditions of their mothers† (p. 167) These slave children were also deprived of maternal affection as â€Å"it [was] a common custom, in the part of Maryland†¦, to part children from their mothers at a very early age. Frequently, before the child [had] reached its twelfth month, its mothers is taken from it, and hired out on some farm a considerable distance off†¦ (p. 165) The mother-children relations were cordial but they were not allowed to meet quite often as Douglass himself saw his mother five or six times during her lifetime. The relationship never developed as there was very little communication between mothers and their children. These children were also kept ignorant of their birthdates and parentage. They were also shorn of basic necessities of life like clothing, lodging and nutrition. Furthermore, these slave-children were subjected to amplified hardship as compared with other slaves because they were â€Å"a constant offence to their mistress†. This also highlights that 19th century rural family of New England was not solely patriarchal but women had immense influence in the affair of household. For example, Douglass writes, â€Å"The master is frequently compelled to sell this class of his slaves, out of deference to the feeling of his white wife. †(p. 166) Similarly, relationship with other member of his parental family were used to be harsh and they were used to undergo harsh treatment and whipping by their white brothers quite frequently. There was no intimacy between slave brothers and sisters and their mutual relationship never developed due the absence of a central tie i. e. parentage. On the other hand, it is illustrated that the role of slave woman in the community were limited to heavy toil and labor at plantations, fulfillment of master’s lusts and sexual desires whenever needed. Their emotional, psychological and mental health was never taken into consideration. The relations of these slave girls and slave children to the community were totally utilitarian and totalitarian as they were used as tool to increase the agricultural production and to satisfy the savage desires and habitual formations of the masters respectively. These slaves were regarded as an entity that was included in their (master’s) property rights and were sanctioned by socio-legal system. So in the wide social perspective, slaves acted as economic instruments and this subordination was characterized not only by commercial necessities but also by psychological phenomenon i. e. to satisfy the human propensities by subjecting them harsh punishments. 19th Century Rural New England Family. (2016, Dec 05).

EVALUATION OF PLAY IN DESIGN FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE Essay

EVALUATION OF PLAY IN DESIGN FOR BEHAVIORAL CHANGE - Essay Example However, through the interview there are both mistakes and improvements that when well covered would lead to a better game design that would accommodate all the aspects that would have been ignores in the previous design (Wolock et., al, 2010). It would be difficult to design a perfect game without a trial version. Through gained knowledge on the research nature it would be easier for the researcher to come up with aims and objectives that are supposed to be taken into account when designing a game. This would reduce the common mistakes which are obvious even to the fans hence creating a better understanding about the research in both quantitative and theoretical manner (Breakwell, 2006). Through research methodology, the dissertation is aimed at utilizing the various aspects such as philosophy, research design, research approaches and data collection to ascertain the requirements of play and design through research methodology (Ackermann, 2008). Fig1. Designing a game, Accessed from : http://moerg.files.wordpress.com/2011/06/img_1469.jpg?w=390&h=289, on 6th Nov 2011. Research Philosophy: Through the philosophical aspects it is important that the designer realizes the philosophical content of the research, for instance the realism, positivism and interpretive. These factors will determine the effects of the players and the audience. ... Research Strategies: According to Wolock et., al, (2010), in order to achieve any researcher has to strategize on the best methodology to use which depends on the requirements of the research design and play. There are effective research strategies like data collection resources, research objectives and approaches that would enhance the achievement of research project within the requirement, limits and scope of research (Archer, 1993). Working on effective research processes includes but not limited to case study, interviews, experiments, observations, surveys and literature review. These factors bring out a wider perception and research integrity within the projects that were managed according to the experimental analysis (Hourcade, 2008). Data Collection Through appropriate data collection method, the researcher would achieve a good play design with valid and reliable data and information. The researcher should involve both primary and secondary data collection methods (Ackermann, 2008). The primary date collection methods can be done through first hand information obtained from surveys and interviews conducted directly between the interviewer and the interviewee. This reduces chances of conveying irrelevant information as the interviewer would be able to study the interviewee to get more information (Breakwell, 2006). The secondary data collection method includes reading from journals, books and academic articles lust to mention. Once both methods of data collection are conduce about the play design, comparison can be done to ascertain the required information to be implemented on the play design (Bell, 2006) Needs and Pleasures    In order to achieve research design; we have to consider the design practice itself. At first

The next Financial crisis, video and discussion Essay

The next Financial crisis, video and discussion - Essay Example The problem started from largest and most influential economy in the world the United States, owner of the international traded currency the US dollar. In my view governments have in most part just made temporary fixes in managing the global financial crisis. The problem will definitely return with a vengeance, with massive increase in public debt in almost all developed economies, which can definitely initiate the next phase of the global economic crisis. We are in the middle of a full-blown sovereign debt crisis that will create more mayhem on the global financial system than the problem that started 3 years ago. Global economic climate changes too rapidly and the circumstances are complex, providing a real challenge for those who intend to effectively resolve and police these problems (Torbat, 2008). With the help IMF we need to better regulate the worlds financial system and avoid a repeat of the global credit crisis, with uniformed global financial regulations and joint surveillance of international financial markets. Industrialized nations should learn from the East on ways to tighten rules in the US and Europe. As most of these economies have been able to withstand the financial crisis, and in fact have been to grow at high single digits. As China and India werent fully integrated into the global financial system and followed stricter guidelines and regulation, which we can see, have helped them tremendously. The international monetary community can learn that they need to be ready and the ability to prevent a financial crisis. The countries need wise macroeconomic policy and effective financial regulation and supervision. Global financial bodies like the IMF need to put in place a framework to facilitate international supervision and regulation as well as crisis prevention, management, and

Bags of Reactions Lab Essay Example for Free

Bags of Reactions Lab Essay * Problem/Purpose * Background Information: The Law of Conservation of Mass was created by Antoine Lavoisier in the 18th century. This law stated that mass could matter could neither be created nor destroyed. During a reaction the bonds of the reactants are broken and form new substances. As stated in the Law of Conservation, matter can neither be created nor destroyed; because of this the products should have the same number and type of atoms as seen in the reactants. * Purpose: Test the Law of Conservation of Mass. * Hypothesis: If we weight the mass of the materials before and after the reaction, then we can prove if the Law of Conservation of Mass is true. * Materials: * Goggles * 25mL graduated cylinder * 2 resealable bags * Scale * Antacid tablet * Scoopula * CaCl2 , Calcium Chloride * NaHCO3 , Sodium Hydrogen Carbonate * Universal Indicator * Procedure Part A 1. Measure 25mL of water and put into a resealable bag. Flatten air out of the bag and seal it. Record the mass in Table 1. 2. Record the mass of the antacid tablet in Table 1 3. Tip the bag sideways, and while holding the bag this way, add the tablet and water so not mix. Do not trap any extra air in the bag. Reseal the bag. 4. Let the tablet drop into the water. Observe the reaction until it comes to a complete stop. Record the observations. 5. When the reaction is complete, record the mass of the bag and its contents in Table 1. Part B 6. Add two scoops of CaCl2 to the second bag 7. Add one scoop of NaHCO3 to the bag and shake gently to mix. 8. Determine the mass of the bag and its contents. Record in Table 2. 9. Measure 25mL of water in a graduated cylinder. Add 10 drops of Universal Indicator to the water. 10. Tip the bag sideways, and while holding the solids in the upper part of the bag, pour the water into the bag so the solids don’t mix. 11. Keeping the trapped air to a minimum, reseal the bag. Hold the bag and let the liquid move from one end of the bag to the other until the contents are mixed. 12. Observe the reaction until it comes to a complete stop. Record your observations 13. Record the mass of the unopened bag in Table 2. Clean up your work and wash your hands before leaving the laboratory. * Data/Results Table 1: Antacid and Water| Mass of bag and water| 27.085g| Mass of tablet| 3.21g| Mass of bag and reactants| 30.305g| Mass of bag and products| 28.14g| Table 2: CaCl2, NaHCO3, and Water| Mass of bag and dry reactants| 4.09g| Volume of water| 25mL| Mass of water| 24.925g| Total mass of bag and reactants| 29.015g| Mass of bag and products| 27.37g| * Analysis/Conclusion A. Analysis Questions: 1. How do the values for the total mass before and after each reaction demonstrate the law of conservation of mass? The values seem to be in the same general value 2. What were three observations you made that indicated a reaction had occurred in part A? The tablet started to fizz, the bag began to fill with gas, and you could hear the tablet reacting with the water. 3. An indicator changes color when the acidity of a solution changes. What evidence is there that such change occurred in Part B? The universal indicator changed to a yellowish orange color 4. Did the reaction in Part B become more acidic or basic? More acidic B. Conclusion: The lab showed us that the Law of Conservation of Mass is correct. I feel that there were some mistakes in the lab. The size of the scale we were using was not large enough to fit the entire bag on for weighing. I feel that this affected the results we recorded for mass. If I were to redo this experiment I would be sure to use a bigger scale. I feel the data was also affected by extra air left in the bag. The results are close enough to show that the Law of Conservation of Mass is possible though when you take into accounts the problem we had with the lab.

Do Computers Think? :: essays research papers

Can or will computers ever think? Well this has been a subject of much debate between even the greatest minds, and yet there is still no answer. First of all I have would like you to answer a question. What is 4x13? Did you have to think to answer that? Yes? Well does that mean that a computer can think because it can answer that question. Well that is what we are going to set to answer and I think yes, depending on your definition of thinking. First off let’s get something straight. When I refer to computers in this essay I am not referring only to the microprocessor sitting on your desk but to microprocessors that control robots of various structure. Well as I said we first must define ‘to think’. What does that mean? Webster’s New Compact Dictionary defines ‘think’ as "1. Have a mind. 2. Believe. 3. Employ the mind.". It defines mind as ‘to think’. So does this mean that if you can think does this mean you have a mind? My opinion is that, according to this definition, computers can think. A computer can give you an answer to the question ‘What is 4x13?’, so it can think. What’s that? You say it’s just programmed to do that, if no one programmed it wouldn’t be able to do that. Well how did you know how to answer the question? Your teacher or parent’s or someone taught it to you. So you were programmed, same as the computer was. So you think that programing is different than learning. You might think the same as my grandma that programing is something where things are just drilled into you like people who are members of cults. Well when your teacher stood over you desk in elementary and do drilled you on the multiplication tables was that not programming? Would you know that 1x5 does not equal 10 if everyone you ever met said that it did. Another argument my grandma used was my little cousin and how when he runs into a wall he learns that it hurts so he doesn’t do it again. (Well actually he does it because he has a hard head). Yet a professor in Calgary builds robots that do not even contain a microprocessor yet it can learn. He builds them out of spare part from broken electronics such as walkman’s.

Pride and Prejudice: Mr Wickham Essay

In the novel ‘Pride and Prejudice’, written by Jane Austen, there are many different characters, each with their own roles to play in order for the story to reach its final product. Among these many characters is George Wickham. Though generally brushed off as a minor character, George Wickham plays a vital role in the relationship between Elizabeth Bennet and Fitzwilliam Darcy. Through both his lies and his amatory adventures, Wickham is the source of both Elizabeth’s loathing and love for Mr Darcy. Throughout the novel, Elizabeth’s opinion of Mr Wickham changes dramatically. For the first half of the novel, Elizabeth adores Wickham and believes him to be the perfect gentleman. He achieves this high appraisal mainly through his false recount of his previous affairs with Mr Darcy, saying of Darcy â€Å"It is wonderful, for almost all his actions may be traced to pride; and pride has often been his best friend. It has connected him nearer with virtue than with any other feeling† (page 75). The false recount of Wickham’s affairs with Fitzwilliam Darcy confirms Elizabeth’s previous opinions of Darcy, which she presents through saying: ‘I have spent four days in the same house with him and I think him very disagreeable† (page 71). She is lead to believe that Darcy reserves only the slightest acknowledgement of anyone but his closest friends and family – the people of his class. Wickham however appears, to Elizabeth, to be quite the opposite of Darcy and she thinks of him that whatever he says is said well and whatever he does is done gracefully (page 77). The dramatic antitheses between each man’s personalities highlight the gentlemanlike poise of Wickham, making him the more attractive of the two. What then changes Elizabeth’s attractions to Mr Wickham, is the discovery of his previous amatory adventures. Wickham was involved in three amatory adventures, mentioned throughout the course of ‘Pride and Prejudice’. The first of these escapades was his failed elopement with Georgiana Darcy. This played a vital role in Darcy’s opinion of Mr Wickham and eventually led to Elizabeth’s realisation of Wickham’s true character as well. Elizabeth’s opinion of Wickham’s past with Georgiana is apparent toward the end of the novel, when she says to Mr Darcy ‘†¦that I might have prevented it! I, who knew what he was’ (page 236) Wickham’s second adventure was very short lived and is often overlooked. It was his attempt at marrying Miss King who, according to Elizabeth, is a good sort of girl and the inheritor of her Grandfather’s fortune (page 134). This escapade is significant as it slightly shapes Elizabeth’s opinions and affections towards Mr Wickham. Where she once thought of him as a possible husband, after this escapade, she says to her aunt, ‘I am now convinced†¦ that I had never been in love’ (page 132) His final and most significant of his adventures was Wickham’s elopement with Lydia Bennet. This elopement is very significant as it shapes Elizabeth’s opinions of both Wickham and Darcy, greatly. Elizabeth was frightened when she heard of Wickham’s failed elopement with Georgiana and when he runs away with Lydia, her fright elevates to utter disgust and loathing. When, however, she finds out Darcy’s part in the whole affair, Austen hints of disappointment from Elizabeth, that she had treated him so impartially. Elizabeth is really made to think about these two men before her, each so different in both personality and in appearance and she begins to find it easier to see the good in Darcy and her affections toward him heighten. This is shown at the end of the novel when Elizabeth sees Darcy again and thinks to herself, ‘A man who has one been refused. How could I be foolish enough to expect a renewal of his love? ’ (Page 290) It is not just the results of Wickham’s elopement with Lydia, however, that makes Elizabeth rethink her answer to Darcy’s previous sentiments. The extreme difference in character of the two men also highlights Darcy’s integrity. The extreme differences in Wickham’s and Darcy’s personalities are the source of Elizabeth’s feelings towards them both. At the start of the novel, Wickham’s natural manners and easy going nature highlight the pride and arrogance of Mr Darcy. Darcy tries to explain his awkward personality to Elizabeth, saying; ‘We neither of us perform to strangers’ (page 153). Elizabeth however is taken by Wickham’s cordiality and brushes Darcy off. Towards the end of the book however, events change and the two men swap personalities completely. Wickham’s evident greed and self-centredness is then highlighted by Darcy’s change in air. Austen highlights Darcy’s personality change through his conversations with the Gardiners. Mrs Gardiner says of Darcy; ‘But how come you told us he was so disagreeable†¦ he has not an ill-natured look. On the contrary, there is something pleasing about his mouth when he speaks’ (page 219). For a long time, Wickham’s pleasant nature caught Elizabeth up in prejudice and she avoided Darcy’s ill-natured countenance. Her prejudice however, dissipated when she saw both men’s true personalities and the dramatic difference between Darcy’s air made Elizabeth rethink her opinion of him and her affections towards him heightened greatly. It was because of Wickham that these changes in Darcy were so conspicuous. In conclusion, Wickham played a vital role in the relationship of Elizabeth and Mr Darcy. At the start of the book, through his lies and manipulations, Wickham confirms Elizabeth’s loathing of Mr Darcy. By the end of the book however, Mr Wickham has unconsciously changed Elizabeth’s opinions of Mr Darcy through the results of his three amatory adventures and through the obvious change in Darcy’s countenance – highlighted by Wickham’s poor qualities.

Making a killing

In an unfortunate event Blackwater guards killed three civilians of Baghdad who were mistaken as terrorists. What is in the scenario is the strong reaction of the new Iraqi government. The next 24 hours saw the process of deportment of the troop. It was reported that there was indiscriminate shooting and this is completely an unfathomable error. According to Prime Minister Nuri al-Maliki this was a complete criminal act. However there are many allegations against Blackwater and it is believed that they smuggle arms into Iraq. There is enough trouble in the region and it can well be stated that further problems can be avoided to restore peace in the region. (Scahill, 1) It can be remembered that each of the wars included major and minor battles.   They had varying and distinct reasons behind them.   Allies and foes were distinctly different in each case. Each of the wars had a level of analysis.   These levels were individual state, and system.   The levels of war analysis form a hierarchy.   The responsibilities of the hierarchy rely on the scale and nature of the operation. The individual level of analysis in war includes a basic idea of how human traits cause many of the social outcomes in historical instances, including war and peace. From the perspective of sociology it can be stated that there are variations of this idea as listed in a paper written by Wade L. Huntley, Ph.D. titled Causes of War and Paths to Peace written in May of 2004. Those variations include: basic human nature, varying features of human nature and both perception and misperception. His considerations behind this would include that in factoring basic human nature, people are basically aggressive, loving, greedy and fearful and so forth. People would be of all sorts of types, some aggressive, others peaceful, greedy or generous. Perception and misperception can result as bad decisions are made, especially in times of stress, which continually exemplifies the limits of human understanding of more than just human nature. The incident in Iraq, as depicted by Scahill is basically a view that was conducted from the US point of view the views or the sociological parameters of the residents of Iraq are fundamentally overlooked in the article. (King, 145-7) It can well be stated that some analysts argue that democracy in the Middle East will elevate Islamists, including radicals, who will use democratic institutions to gain power but then implement their autocratic agenda. Democracy can also lead to instability. In short, things may get worse before they get better, which may be bad news for the US. Many however believe that in the long run increased democratic governance or the break up of static autocracies will lead to a better outcome than the status quo even if the emerging governments initially oppose U.S. policies. Some furthermore argue that any type of somewhat democratic government would find more common ground with the U.S. than the existing ones even if rapprochement was gradual and difficult. But from the point of view of an Iraqi it can be stated that independence is all that is relevant and it can be mentioned that Scahill was unable to relate himself to this consequence. Traditional security policy emphasizes military means for reducing the risks of war and for prevailing if deterrence fails. Human security’s proponents, while not eschewing the use of force, have focused to a much greater degree on non-coercive approaches. These range from preventive diplomacy, conflict management and post–conflict peace building, to addressing the root causes of conflict by building state capacity and promoting equitable economic development.   The new dimensions of human security are well outlined by the United Nations Development Program in their Human Development Report of 1994. (Lamb, 288-9) Human Security has always been at issue in some format or another. You see it in the methods employed during peacetime and during war time. The methodology utilized might in fact be different from generation to generation, but the concept itself has hardly managed to evolve into something other than what its basics stem from. The pursuits of life and liberty, happiness and peace have been a part of the psyche of humanity since the beginnings of human existence and it would have been much better if the article had developed on these principals. Keeping in mind the developments in Iraq the only solution the USA is left with is one that most people connected to the White House consider absolute anathema. But the truth remains that a military ‘solution’ to the issue is no solution at all but rather a spiralling tunnel leading to a thousand other issues, all of which are far too dangerous to be contemplated. So what can USA do? Well, for starters it can seriously rethink some of its recent policies and shift its focus from military attack to some old fashioned diplomacy instead. But while that sounds simple enough for Washington it is a job unparalleled in its difficulty and, if present indications are anything to go by then, something that is hardly likely to happen and Scahill as a journalist must keep his position as humane and compassionate as possible in this context. Works Cited: Scahill, Jeremy; Making a Killing; The Nation; October 15, 2007 issue; September 27, 2007; retrieved on 24.11.2007 King, Herbert. Middle East Today Vol. IV Plymouth: HBT & Brooks Ltd. 2005 Lamb, Davis. Cult to Culture: The Development of Civilization on the Strategic Strata. Wellington

3 Crazy Interview Questions and How to Prepare for Them

3 Crazy Interview Questions and How to Prepare for Them Are you prepared for any odd questions an interviewer may throw your way? Career marketing is at its height as hiring managers search for new means to find the right candidate for the job. Whether it’s social media, such as behemoth career networking site LinkedIn, or traditional recruiting, the world of human resources is changing. And so must those searching for the right fit.Recently, major companies such as Dropbox, Google, Dell, and Apple have started polishing its interview policies. Gone are the days where hiring managers only asked questions about experience, skills, education, and job readiness. Now they mix in a little craziness just to shake the candidate and see where their mind is. Here are a few examples of crazy interview questions and why employers ask them.Shipwrecked with ChoicesIf you were shipwrecked on a deserted island and had to choose from three people to help you, who would you choose. You can choose from ten people: the lawyer, the doctor, the carpent er, the ship’s captain, the politician, the high school teacher, the cook, the scientist, the soldier and the policeman.This question may seem silly at first, but it tells the hiring manager about the candidate’s ability to adapt and their overall drive and personality. For example, if the person chooses the high school teacher, doctor, and carpenter, it would suggest they are planning to rebuild and start a new society. This shows the hiring manager the person is capable of bouncing back from a situation.On the other hand, suppose the candidate chooses the ship’s captain, lawyer, and carpenter. This shows a strong inclination the person values strong leadership over individual talents. But the ultimate scenario desired is the candidate who chooses the carpenter, the ship’s captain, and the soldier. This shows they are planning to get off the island and turn lemons into lemonade.Extra CargoIf you were asked to unload a Boeing 747 full of jelly beans, what would you do first?This question gauges the candidate’s ability to think outside of the box. A person who answers that would ask for help shows a strong inclination to team building. Some would say they would schedule time to unload the pile more efficiently. According to Bose, one of the most popular answers indicated the person’s creativity, compassion towards others, and ability to solve problems on the spot. The person who received the highest praise said they would open the belly of the plane and dump the entire contents on a poor, starving country.Others said they would order the cargo staff to unload the plane, while one even attempted to hide the beans. Whatever the answer, employers learned whether the candidate was able to make solid decisions on the spot or whether they could excel in a fast-paced atmosphere.Clash of TitansWho would win in a fight between Superman and Batman?While this is the age-old question of comic book geeks everywhere, this simple ques tion also shows the thought process behind answering strange questions. First Superman is super strong, able to fly, has heat vision and blizzard breath, and is virtually indestructible. On the other hand, while Batman is strong and fast, he is nowhere near as strong or fast as Superman. But Batman does have superior fighting skills, a utility belt full of dangerous surprises, and the cunning and wit of the best insane criminal.One candidate said Batman’s alter-ego, billionaire Bruce Wayne, has enough money to buy kryptonite and create a weapon to wound or even kill Superman. This shows the job seeker as an individual who doesn’t give up until they have found a solution to a serious, unsolvable problem. This out of the box thinking is what helps these candidates succeed.Get ready for the hard QuestionsHow can a candidate prepare themselves for these type of questions? Simple answer is there is no way to prepare for the unknown. It’s how you work with the informa tion that’s important. The following do’s and don’ts will help candidates make the best choice and win the job.Do:Take time to understand what they are asking.Ask questions to see if more information is available.Consider the outcomes.Don’t:Overthink the question.Go for the obvious answer.Say you don’t know.No matter what the question, hiring managers have learned these often silly and strange questions cause candidates to use brain power they normally wouldn’t exhibit. Any interviewer can ask them to solve a problem in their specialty, but what does that prove? Asking questions that force candidates in an uncomfortable and impossible situation brings out their true abilities and skills.Note: this article was originally published on TopResume.TopResume is a Talent Inc. company, the personal branding destination for all career-driven professionals. Through our extensive network of professional writers, we offer career advice and analyze and w rite more resumes and LinkedIn profiles than any other service in the world. Ready to get started? Request a free resume critique today.

Henrietta's Immortal Cells Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Henrietta's Immortal Cells - Essay Example Sadly, this same rate of cell proliferation killed Henrietta but the cells have lived on to become support pillars of biological researches. â€Å"He-La are the first immortal human cell lineage† (Howard W Jones, Victor A. McKusick; Obstetrics and gynecology, pg-945-949). Dr.Gey distributed the cells worldwide to researchers, to help in research endeavors, because â€Å"He-la cells could be grown by anyone capable of trypsinizing cells† (Fredrick Bang, History of tissue culture), they divided rapidly, synthesized normal proteins, mimicked normal cell signaling, gene regulation and could be infected, and thus they became potential tools for study. He-La cells helped to develop Salk’s vaccine and the cells have also been used for gene mapping, Aids and Cancer studies, gene cloning, immunological studies. Author Rebecca Skloot â€Å"More than 60,000 published science articles have mentioned He-La cell research and the number just keeps on increasing† (Rebecca Skloot, The Immortal life of Henreitta

Environmental science Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Environmental science - Research Paper Example Nowadays, 10% of the world is legally protected in one way or the other. In conservation practice, private fundraising is insufficient to pay for the effective management of so much land with protective status hence government assistance should intervene. This paper discusses in depth some environmental issues that negatively affect the Galapagos Island. Galapagos Islands have unknown waters surrounding the famous volcanic archipelagos that consist of natural wonders of a realm that is truly a living natural laboratory. These islands portray a range of mysteries of the deep, caverns buried beneath the earth and primitive wildlife entirely unknown to humanity. These islands remain as hosts for biological mysteries to date. They extensively portray unique geographical features, organisms, and locales. Scholarly research depicts that quite a range of animal species found on these islands seem so unreal to human beings. Charles Darwin, who once visited the islands, formulated a theory embarking on natural selection due to the curious unique species he came across. He used the theory to refer to the evolutionary changes that enables both plants and animals to adapt to the environment. For instance, different environments in the islands have different characteristics that the inhabitants have to get adapted to them. Moreover, Charles Darwin’s perception of natural selection based its argument on the feeding habits of different animal species, climate of the environment and genetic inheritance. Some of the animal species observed from these islands include Blue-footed booby, Waved albatross, Flightless cormorant, Galapagos tortoise, and Galapagos penguin. Although these beautiful sceneries act as tourist attraction sites, they are pessimistically affected by humanity. For instance, several environmental issues such as fishing, poaching of both plants and animals, and introduction of foreign species of plants and animals to the environment

Independent research study - BBA Hospitality Management Paper

Independent study - BBA Hospitality Management - Research Paper Example The social media affects communication in diverse sections and social groups in the world. Instead of mass communication, there are mass communicators (Runion, 2010). This is because the power and authorities of traditional communication channels are losing their rigours and new and smaller channels are developing through the social media like Twitter and Facebook. In December, 1995, there were only 16 million internet users and this represented just 0.4% of the worlds population at that time (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011). However, today, 30.4% of the worlds population is hooked onto the Internet and this represents 2.1 billion people (Miniwatts Marketing Group, 2011. Many people spend a lot of their time online these days. Some go online to check their mails whilst others maintain links with interest groups, family, friends, old school mates and other relatives living overseas through social media networks. In her assessment of her statistics on the social media industry, Evans identifies interesting facts about the social media network (2011). She identifies that there were 21 million Twitter users in the United States in 2011. She states that 40% of bloggers describe themselves as professional so they spend a considerable time working on the internet. Secondly she indicates that 60% of all Fortune 500 companies conduct business over the popular social network site, Facebook. Facebook has over 800 million users around the globe this makes it one of the biggest concentration of the potential market that exists for all goods and services (LA Times, 2011). This means that more and more people are spending their time on the Internet and on social network sites. Also, a vast community of professionals are evolving, who spend time and acquire skills which is sufficient to help build the social network as a good place to do business. This therefore means that the social network are appropriate outlets through which businesses can operate and make profit.

Philosophical and Ethical Concepts Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Philosophical and Ethical Concepts - Essay Example Over 70 percent of the Americans believe that the organizations have been stated to be very wasteful on the charitable funds that they get. Only 10 percent of the Americans are convinced that the charity organizations have been doing the right thing and using the money wisely. 17 percent of the Americans believe that the funds were making the right decisions. The statistics show how much the charity organization created mistrust to their donors. The ethical concern is of much importance in this case, and they need much proper understanding. The moral judgment comes later after addressing the ethical concerns. To start with, one needs to go through the principal forces that affect the experience of the organizations. The ethical issues that are in the non-profit sector should also be the subject of discussion in order to solve the problems that are associated with the charitable organizations. Thereafter there has to be solutions to the problems that face the charity organizations on the issue of misconduct. There are the ethical challenges in the organizations, and they lead to the misconduct. The challenges that are evident in this case and they end up in criminal violations (VanderWallen 142). The moral conduct has got some crucial factors that influence them. Moral awareness is very much essential when it comes to addressing the ethical issues. After creating the moral awareness in a charity organization, it is crucial to come up with an ethical decision making which is thereafter followed by moral intent. The last step is coming up with the moral actions. Following all these steps will result in the elimination of the misconduct. The moral judgment of the people is crucial for all aspects. In this case the moral sense of the donors is critical. The donor is a person who wants to contribute to the charity work. It is crucial for the donors to be enlightened about the misconducts in organization. The

Employers Obligations for Employee Health and Safety

Employers Obligations for Employee Health and Safety To what extent is the employer obliged to exercise care for the health and safety of the employee while performing his or her duties? Is the current position in this regard satisfactory? Introduction The obligations of the employer for health and safety have undergone an interesting development on both the common law and statutory sides of legal regulation. This paper will examine the current extent of obligations for employers towards the health and safety of their employees while they are carrying out their work duties. This current position will then be analysed in order to determine whether it is satisfactory. A. Current Health and Safety Obligations of the employer to the employee 1.The Common Law The common law duty of care[1] translates into an implied term of the contract and in the case of Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English[2] the House of Lords identified three key areas in which this implied duty lies: (a)Competent Staff An employer will be liable if they do not provide their employees with sufficient training. This occurred in Hawkins v Ross Castings Ltd[3] where an employee sustained an injury as a result of a spillage of molten metal at the fault of a seventeen year old colleague who possessed only a rudimentary standard of English. Another facet to the heading of competent staff is the actual behaviour of the employees whereby, acts of mischief or ‘larking around’ can be of a particular danger as occurred in Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co Ltd.[4] (b) Safe Plant and Equipment An employer is obliged to provide safe equipment and this even applies where there was no knowledge of there being a fault. This is a departure from the traditional common law perspective but is not a new measure as it into effect with the passing of the Employer’s Liability (Defective Equipment) Act of 1969. Here all faults in equipment to be attributable to the employer where a third party has been negligent and in order to meet the financial needs of this obligation, insurance is obligatory for such actions in accordance with the Employer’s Liability (Compulsory Insurance) Act 1969. In the interests of fairness, the employer and/or the insurance company can then sue the manufacturer. (c) Safe System of Work This obligation is twofold whereby the employer must, firstly, tell the employees of the location of safety equipment[5] and secondly, the employer has the right to assume that the employee possesses a degree of common sense with the result that there is no obligation to warn of dangers that are obvious such as the hitting of an unexploded bomb with a hammer[6] or running in the corridor to obtain lunch.[7] This highlights the fact that the employer must find a balance between the obvious and the not so obvious safety measures where there would be an obligation to inform the employee of risks and the proper procedures. Employees may make a decision not to take certain precautions, but if the risk is obvious, their employer will not be liable[8], however despite any conscious choice on the part of the employee, a risk that is not obvious will always rest with the employer[9]. This standard is ideal as it rightly presupposes the authority of the employer and their superior knowledge bu t at the same time, also acknowledges personal autonomy of employees for which the employer should not be held liable. A further and more recent application of the safe system of work is that the employer must refrain from requiring that the employee work excessively long hours[10] and cause unnecessary levels of stress[11] that arise on account of insufficient staffing and the even more serious occurrence of bullying in the work place.[12] This gave rise to an innovation in liability for the psychological injury that employees could sustain and in this era of greater pressure in the work place, it would have been a far more applicable head of claim to a greater number of employees than that of the traditional doctrine of liability for physical injury alone. However two recent cases on this matter gave rise first of all, limitation and then outright exclusion of heads of claim concerning stress in the work place. The earlier limitation arose in Sutherland v Hatton[13] in which it was held by the Court of Appeal that there had to be ‘plain indications of impending harm’ that would arise f rom the stress. This is part of a traditional acceptance that there has to be a balance between the likelihood of the injury occurring and the cost to the employer of protecting his employees.[14] In the latter case of Barber (Appellant) v. Somerset County Council (Respondents)[15] involved a teacher suffering from stress and the House of Lords rejected the notion of an employer’s duty of care. Lord Scott of Foscote stated that: â€Å"The school is entitled to expect, also, that the teacher, an adult, will take his own decisions as to whether he needs to consult his doctor and will, if so advised by his doctor, take time off†¦[16]† (d) Safe Place of Work Since the decision of the Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co case, there is a fourth area to which the applied duty of care is attributable and this is the provision of a safe place of work. There are three key areas where the employer must exercise a reasonable standard of care. This constituted the obligation to provide an adequate reporting system.[17] More recently, this has the potential to extend to instances of long term injury such as passive smoking as it was established that employees have a right not to work in a smoky environment in Waltons and Morse v Dorrington[18] and this would constitute a step in the right direction. A question now arises as to how far this duty ought to extend. 2.Statutory Duties The Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 is the key legislative authority for the obligations of employers to their employees and its aim is twofold. 1. The provision of a general duty of care In the first place the 1974 Act sets out the general duties that are applicable to the entire employment spectrum and this standard is found in s 2(1) of the 1974 Act, which is as follows: â€Å"It shall be the duty of every employer to ensure, so far as is reasonably practicable, the health, safety and welfare of all his employees.† Further to this there are also more specific obligations laid throughout s 2 of the Act, which encompass ‘the provision and maintenance of plant and systems of work so that they are safe and without risk to health’.[19] There is also provision on, ‘the handling, storage and transport of articles and substances[20]’ as well as, ‘provision of information, instructions, training and supervision.[21]’ Finally s 2 of the 1974 Act also has provision on: â€Å"The maintenance of places of work under the employer’s control in a safe condition with safe and risk free means of access and egress.[22]† and â€Å"The provision and maintenance of a safe, risk-free working environment with adequate welfare facilities and arrangements.[23]† The crucial element of these provisions is that the standard of care stipulated is for the employer to act is, ‘as far as is reasonably practicable.’ This standard carries with it the obligation for employers to do everything reasonable that would ensure safety and the provisions go far to show that this encompasses many fields such as training, inspections and the availability of safety equipment. The emphasis of the Robens Report was therefore largely met with there being a statutory framework that requires employers to actively think about the measures they are taking. 2. Provision of a unified system of enforcement by the Health and Safety Executive and the various local authorities. The second aim of the 1974 Act is as a system of enforcement and this is largely carried out by the Health and Safety inspectorate but paradoxically, no one can, in accordance with s 47 of the 1974 Act, raise a civil action under the duties imposed by the 1974 Act. While this results in a fundamental questioning of the usefulness of the 1974 Act, it does highlight the fact that this legislation is exclusively an Act for professional enforceability. The rights of recourse for employees are therefore in accordance with the standard duties of care that are found under the law of tort.[24] More specifically, actions can be raised in relation to industrial accidents, personal injury, injuries arising out of the course of employment and some statutory obligations. However, it is the Act itself that specifics the standard of care to be adopted by employers when their employees are carrying out their employment duties. In addition, the 1974 Act creates a premise for criminal liability, which of course carries higher penalties as well as an employer’s burden of proof, as opposed to the burden of the plaintiff in civil actions. 2. Interpretation of the standard of care of the 1974 Act in case law Interpretation of the standard under case law is essentially analysis of the way in which the courts have dealt with the crucial phrase, ‘so far as is reasonably practicable.’ Case law shows that the reasonable practicability of a given situation can cover areas such as financial viability of the health and safety measure as against the risk of injury. This is similar to the balance that requires to be sought under the common law, with the equivalent 1974 Act case being that of Associated Diaries v Hartley.[25] Here an employee sustained an injury as a result of a truck going over his foot. The safety shoes would have cost him  £1 per week but decided not to use them and his argument that they should have been provided for free failed on account of the fact that they would have cost the employer  £20,000. This balance is perfectly sound but the 1974 Act is not equipped to deal with instances of stress at work on account of the fact that civil actions cannot be raised via its provisions. B. Is this position satisfactory? 1. Possible faults with the common law It is extremely disappointing that the House of Lords has rejected the concept of a duty of care for stress as there is a great deal that employers can do to relieve stress levels and, as with the balance that has been achieved between the cost of health and safety and the likelihood of injury, the equivalent would be more than approachable for stress situations. This does not bode well for other types of innovations such as The common law does however acknowledge that a duty of care also extends beyond the work place where the employee continues to act within their duties of employment. This is seen in the case of King v Smith and Another[26] where, in the event of inadequate on-site facilities, it is up to the employer to find a suitable solution. 2. Faults with the 1974 Act The current issue with the current Health and Safety legislation is that it is becoming outdated and is much in need of reform in order to cope with new kinds of dangers that were not such a going concern in 1974. This specifically refers to the ever increasing circumstances of stress related injury that would be wholly out-with the competence of the Health and Safety Inspectorate. However as a result of Barber v Somerset County Council, such an argument would not hold strength unless the legislative were to decide to override the common law doctrine and create a statutory obligation for employers against employee stress. Conclusion Both the common law and the statutory framework are equally satisfactory in terms of their ability to tackle cases of negligence where there has been physical injury caused to the employee on account of the negligence of the employer. However, the express exclusion of liability for stress, as well as the impracticability of the Health and Safety inspectorate to even attempt to assist in safeguarding against stress is a concern of great magnitude. The conclusion of Lord Foscote in the case of Barber v Somerset County Council was wrong as the question of choosing to be a teacher or a doctor is an overly romanticised image of a pic’ n mix employee’s market with readily available jobs. Further to this, it should never become an accepted condition of our society that unhealthy stress should be an integral to working life for which there can be no legal recourse. Bibliography Legislation Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 Case Law Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 Wilsons and Clyde Coal Co v English [1938] AC 57 Hawkins v Ross Castings Ltd [1970] 1 All ER 180 Hudson v Ridge Manufacturing Co Ltd [1957] 2 QB 348 Finch v Telegraph Construction Maintenance Co Ltd [1949] 1 All ER 452 O’Reilly v National Rail [1966] 1 All ER 499 Lazarus v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd (1963) The Times 2 May Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Haynes [1959] AC 743 Berry v Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 13 Johnstone v Bloombury Area Health Authority [1991] ICR 269 Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] IRLR 35 Ratcliffe v Dorset County Council [1978] IRLR 191. Waters v Commissioner for the Police of the Metropolis [2000] IRLR 720 Sutherland v Hatton [2002] EWCA Civ 76 Stokes v Guest, Keen Nettleford (Bolts Nuts) Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 1776 Barber v Somerset County Council [2004] UKHL 13 Franklin v Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 876 Waltons and Morse v Dorrington [1997] IRLR 488 Associated Diaries v Hartley [1979] IRLR 171 King v Smith and Another (1994) The Times 3 November. General Cleaning Contractors v Christmas [1953] AC 180 Text Book Publications D.Brodie, â€Å"Health and Safety† (Oxford University Press, 2004) H.Collins, K.D.Ewing A.McColgan, ‘Labour Law:Text and Materials (Oxford: Hart Publishing, 2001) Smith and Woods ‘Industrial Law’ (Butterworths, 8th edn, 2003) R.W.Painter and A.Holmes, Cases and Materials on Employment Law, (Oxford University Press 5th edition, 2004) Articles D Brodie ‘Trust and Confidence and Barber v Somerset County Council: Some further Questions’ (224) 33 ILJ 261 1 Footnotes [1] Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562 [2] [1938] AC 57 [3] [1970] 1 All ER 180 [4] [1957] 2 QB 348 [5] See Finch v Telegraph Construction Maintenance Co Ltd [1949] 1 All ER 452 [6] O’Reilly v National Rail [1966] 1 All ER 499 [7] Lazarus v Firestone Tyre and Rubber Co Ltd (1963) The Times 2 May [8] See Qualcast (Wolverhampton) Ltd v Haynes [1959] AC 743 [9] See Berry v Stone Maganese Marine Ltd (1971) 12 KIR 13 [10] Johnstone v Bloombury Area Health Authority [1991] ICR 269 [11] Walker v Northumberland County Council [1995] IRLR 35 [12] See Ratcliffe v Dorset County Council [1978] IRLR 191. See also Waters v Commissioner for the Police of the Metropolis [2000] IRLR 720, which involved tormenting within the police force after the failure to take seriously an allegation of sexual assault. [13] [2002] EWCA Civ 76 [14] For an in depth analysis of this balance, see Stokes v Guest, Keen Nettleford (Bolts Nuts) Ltd [1968] 1 WLR 1776 per Swanwick J at pp 1779-1783 [15] [2004] UKHL 13. For commentary see D Brodie ‘Trust and Confidence and Barber v Somerset County Council: Some further Questions’ (224) 33 ILJ 261 [16] ibid per Lord Foscote at paragraph 14 [17] Franklin v Edmonton Corporation (1966) 109 SJ 876 [18] [1997] IRLR 488 [19] 1974 Act s 2(2)(a) [20] 1974 Act s 2(2)(b) [21] 1974 Act s 2(2)(c) [22] 1974 Act s 2(2)(d) [23] 1974 Act s 2(2)(e) [24] For the birth of the neighbour principle, see Donoghue v Stevenson [1932] AC 562. [25] [1979] IRLR 171 [26] (1994) The Times 3 November. This case followed the older case of General Cleaning Contractors v Christmas [1953] AC 180

Presence Of Angels :: essays research papers

There is a certain mystery that lies within the meaning of angels. It is known that angels are among us. They are carriers of the messages from God (Gasparri 14). However, little is known about what and who angels are, why they are present, and even what they look like. They everything that human want to be and more (Stevenson 1). Angels go above and beyond the limitations of humans to give hints of what life is like in heaven or even hell. What are Angels?   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  There are three creatures created by God. Humans, created with free will that can be used for good or can be used to cause hurt and destruction, are the first of these creatures. Second, come angels and devils. Angels are creatures of God with free will that chose to accept God’s love and goodness. Devils are the exact opposite of angels. They used their free will and chose to go against God. The last of the creatures are animals. (Gasparri 75-77)   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Angels are divine beings chosen by God to deliver His love and goodness to humans. They are “entities'; of goodness and holiness (Stevenson 4). Angels are equipped with supernatural powers that allow them to rarely be seen by the human eye. Any scientific terms or proof cannot explain their existence. Those who believe in the existence angels are those who have already experienced their presence (Stevenson 5). The Catholic Perspective on the Kinds of Angels   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Catholics believe that angels have a special role of praying to God on behalf of humans. They are “messengers';, carrying hints or signs from God to his kingdom (Stevenson 195). Four angels are recognized in the Catholic Church. They are referred to as the archangels: Michael, Gabriel, Raphael, and Uriel. There are many stories about the works of Michael, Gabriel, and Raphael, however, little is known about Uriel. The Bible also recognizes a number of groups of angels with different functions and attributes called the hierarchy. Different faiths recognize the different groups. The groups include seraphim, cherubim, thrones, dominions, virtues, powers, the principalities, archangels, and angels (Stevenson 20). All together, the groups are known as the choir because they are said to praise God through song and music (Stevenson 21).   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   While the Bible does not recognize the functions of each of the groups, each group has its own unique character and purpose. Seraphim are the angels who are considered to be closest to God.

Personal Change Project Conditioning Health And Social Care Essay

I would wish to plan a self-modification program which is to advance a wont desirable to myself. I will implement Operant Conditioning and other rules of conditioning in this Personal Change Project.Walking the Dog Frequently and Regularly for a Longer period of TimeThe mark behavior I would wish to hike is walking the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss daily on the seashore near my house. The end of the present program was to prolong a good wellness since jogging is involved during the walk with the Canis familiaris. For case, ramble oning conditions the cardiovascular system, cut downing the opportunity of acquiring bosom disease. It besides helps in beef uping musculus and cut downing extra fat by firing Calories. In add-on, it can advance the relationship with the Canis familiaris as its proprietor. At the same clip, in order to take up the duty as a portion of the household members, walking the Canis familiaris on a regular basis is indispensable. Last, relaxation can be achieved by walking Canis familiaris along the seashore as the aesthetic position and nature of it can assist alleviating emphasis and sadness. A baseline appraisal was carried out predating the self-modification program. In the self-modification program, each clip the client walked the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss was counted as walking the Canis familiaris for one clip. No bound was placed on the clip she walked the dog each twenty-four hours.Baseline AssessmentIn the baseline appraisal of the mark behaviour before transporting out the self-modification program, the frequence and continuance of walking the Canis familiaris by the client was measured utilizing a timer. It lasted for 14 yearss from 5th September to 18th September. ( Table 1 ) The frequence which the client walked her Canis familiaris was 7 times in two hebdomads and the entire clip spent to walk the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 183 proceedingss and the mean clip spent on walking the Can is familiaris was 26 proceedingss in two hebdomads. Therefore, the existent continuance of clip for walking the Canis familiaris before the self-modification program was much less than the mark continuance of clip set in program ( 45 proceedingss ) . This was because the mark behaviour was normally hindered by different ancestors and effects ( to be mentioned in the following session ) Walking The Dog Date Yes NO 5th September 15 proceedingss 6th SeptemberTen7th September 28 proceedingss 8th SeptemberTen9th September 35 proceedingss tenth SeptemberTen11th September 25 proceedingss 12th SeptemberTen13th SeptemberTen14th September 40 proceedingss 15th SeptemberTen16th September 30 proceedingss 17th SeptemberTen18th September 10 proceedingss Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris 183 proceedingss Average clip of walking the Canis familiaris 183 / 7 = 26 proceedingss Table 1 Frequency and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 5th Sept. to 18th Sept.Ancestors and ConsequencesHarmonizing to Weiyen ( 2007, pp.250-254 ) , ancestors are the preceding fortunes. Consequences are the effects or consequences of something happening earlier.Ancestors which limit my mark behaviorBefore implementing this self-modification program, there were ever several ancestors which restricts me from walking the Canis familiaris. First of wholly, it was non possible for me to walk the Canis familiaris during showery yearss as the Canis familiaris will acquire soiled and wet. In add-on, I normally felt so tired after school or work that I did non hold the energy to walk my Canis familiaris.Ancestors which reinforce my mark behaviorIt is ever free to walk my Canis familiaris along the seashore near my place as no transit cost is needed. In add-on, it merely takes me 5 proceedingss to entree the seashore, therefore it is really convenient to walk my pet.Consequences which limit my mark behaviorExerting my Canis familiaris normally makes me even more tired after school or work so this greatly influences my advancement of analyzing, and therefore impacting my public presentation on trials. Therefore, the fatigue from walking my Canis familiaris restricts me from making so.Consequences which reinforce my mark behaviorWalking my Canis familiaris can assist ease my bodily fittingness and keeping wellness. This is because I jog while walking my Canis familiaris and it helps to better my cardiovascular and respiratory system. Heart musculuss are strengthened and become more efficient during jogging. Besides, deeper breathe can be achieved to provide more O and foods to our musculuss, enabling us to be more energetic engaging in activities we enjoy. Besides, it is of import to keep a good relationship with my household and Canis familiaris via taking up my duty as a household member walking my Canis familiaris as wrangles sometimes arise due to this is sue. Furthermore, walking my Canis familiaris can assist cut downing emphasis and sadness from the heartache of interrupting up and analyzing.Behavioral Principles and SchemesOperant Conditioning was used as the major rule to increase the mark behaviour. It is a signifier of acquisition in which a response becomes more likely to happen in a peculiar stimulation state of affairs as a consequence of its effects. In this Conditioning, assorted types of supports and penalties were applied. Support occurs when an event following a response increases an being & A ; acirc ; ˆâ„ ¢s inclination to do that response. Punishment occurs when an event following a response weakens the inclination to do that response. Positive support was involved in the program. This is a response is strengthened as it is followed by the presentation of a rewarding stimulation. Therefore, a positive reinforcing stimulus was set that I could bask a tasty barbeque dinner with my close friends every 10 times I walked my Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss. This was a rewarding stimulation for me as I love barbeque and I cherish the clip garnering with close friends. It was a secondary reinforcing stimulus as it acquired reenforcing belongingss through repeated association with primary reinforcing stimulus. Negative Reinforcement was besides applied. It occurs when a response is strengthened because it is followed by the remotion of an unpleasant stimulation. I late broke up with my fellow and it was a heart-breaking experience. Then I found that walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore and basking the aesthetic position of the nature can assist to alleviate the heartache. Therefore, I walk the Canis familiaris along the seashore more frequently. Therefore, the difficult feeling after interrupting up was the unpleasant stimulation and it was thought that walking Canis familiaris along the seashore can take this aversive stimulation, therefore walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ( response ) is strengthened. Negative Punishment was used, which was to diminish the unwanted behavior by taking something pleasant. For every individual clip the client could non successfully walk her Canis familiaris for 45 proceedingss in a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up my laptop for two yearss. Therefore, she needed to utilize the public computing machines in the library for a twosome of yearss if she did non walk the Canis familiaris and this one time brought her a immense incommodiousness. Hence, the usage of laptop at place is regarded as the pleasant event and the reluctance to walk the Canis familiaris is the unwanted behaviour.The EventualitiesAs for the Positive Reinforcement, a Fixed-ratio agenda of support was besides applied as the client could bask barbeque with friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris. Therefore, the definition of fixed-ratio agenda is the positive reinforcing stimulus ( barbeque with friends ) is given after a fixed figure ( 10 times ) of non-reinf orced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris ) . In the Negative Reinforcement, Variable-schedule of support was used. The reinforcing stimulus ( the gradual alleviation of hurting after interrupting up ) was given after a variable figure of non-reinforced responses ( walking the Canis familiaris along the seashore ) . After the client walked the Canis familiaris along the seashore for a few times, she found that the heartache reduced a small spot and this was a reinforcing stimulus. Then this reinforcing stimulus strengthened the response inclination for walking the Canis familiaris as she believed this can alleviate hurting after interrupting up with fellow. As for the Negative Punishment, every clip the client did non walk her Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours, her female parent locked up her laptop for two yearss. Inconvenience was brought to the client if she could non carry through the mark behaviour, as she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss ( usage of laptop is a pleasant stimulation ) , alternatively she could merely utilize the public computing machine outside.Consequence of the AssessmentThe self-modification program was set to complete in two hebdomads from 19th September to 2nd October after the baseline appraisal. ( Table 2 ) It can be seen that the response inclination of walking the Canis familiaris greatly strengthened after the program was implemented. The frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was 20 times which was about 3 times more than that of the baseline appraisal ( 7 times ) . The entire continuance of walking the Canis familiaris in two hebdomads was 1039 proce edingss, while the mean clip spent on walking the Canis familiaris was 52 proceedingss each clip, which is a dual compared to the consequence obtained in the baseline appraisal. Therefore, she was rewarded twice by holding barbeque dinners with her friends in these two hebdomads, as she achieved walking her Canis familiaris 20 times. Although the client failed to carry through the mark behaviour for one clip in these two hebdomads, it was due to the heavy work load from alterations and assignments. She was so experient negative penalty which she could non utilize her laptop for two yearss as her female parent locked it up. Walking the Canis familiaris Date Yes NO First Time on the day/ minute Second Time on the day/ minute 19th September 50 45 twentieth September 45 45 21st September 48 22nd September 55 48 23rd September 70 50 24th September 85 25th September 50 26th September Ten 27th September 45 50 28th September 50 50 29th September 45 47 thirtieth September 55 1st October 60 2nd October 46 Entire Time of walking the Canis familiaris 1039 Average Time of walking the Canis familiaris each clip 1039 / 20 =52 Table 2 Frequency and Duration of walking the Canis familiaris from 19th September to 2nd OctoberThe Strength, Weakness and Effectiveness of the Modification PlanThe self-modification program was seemingly effectual, which could be proved by the big difference in consequences shown in table 1 and table 2. The behaviour of the client was successfully modified to walk the Canis familiaris for at least 45 proceedingss one time a twenty-four hours. This was proved by the twofold continuance of walking the Canis familiaris each clip on norm ( 26 proceedingss in baseline appraisal and 52 proceedingss in the self-modification program ) and the frequence of walking the Canis familiaris was about tripled ( 7 times in baseline appraisal and 20 times in the self-modification program ) . This was chiefly due to the strengths of the program. Positive support was used in the program, in which the client was rewarded a barbeque dinner with her friends every 10 times she walked the Canis familiaris However,

Child Labour in India

Pradeshchildhood is the golden period of man's life. at this stage children need love and care for their growth and development. however,the tragic irony of indian society life is the employment of about 10 million children in unhealthy,hazardous and dangerous trades and industries. bare footed ,lean and thin children of tender age have to work in inhuman conditions for 10 to 15 hours a day which may include dhabas,brick kilns,small factories and cottage industries. ven small children are seen selling newspapers and other articles on the road which may be a risk to their lives. the child workers are generally ill fed and treated like bonded labourers. they are often beaten at the slightest excuse and even underpaid. in south india,thousands of children work in fire crackers and match factories. many of them get killed in accidents and fires. in uttar pradesh lakhs of children are employed in the carpet industry. in this industry,children have to work in inhuman conditions. he main re ason that compels many poor parents to send their children to work is poverty. the government admits thereal solution lies in the complete elimination of child labour.though the government has enforced many measures but these measures are effective only as long as their are facilities for the parents of such children to send them to school. it is a shame that india has the distinction of employing the largest number of children in most inhospitable and inhuman surroundings. his evil practice should be stopped by enforcing the child labour act with all strictness and punishing the defaulters. efforts of the part of general public and non gvernment organisations can help to tackle this problem. we should be aware of the problems of such deprived and exploited children in our society. we hope in the future that the children are not employed in our country and instead send to school for education,so that they can be sensible citizens.

Types of Reactions Essays - Chemical Properties, Mass, Free Essays

Types of Reactions Essays - Chemical Properties, Mass, Free Essays Types of Reactions -Synthesis A + B = AB -Decomposition AB = A + B -Single Displacement A + BC = AC + B -Double Displacement AB + CD = AD + CB -Combustion (metal burns with oxygen) C + O2 = CO2 Balancing Equations Must have equal number of atoms on each side of the equation based on the Law of Conservation of Mass. Steps to Balance an Equation -write out unbalanced equation -create a table with a column for reactants and products -balance equations using coefficients balance elements other than O and H balance polyatomic ions that appear unchanged balance other elements balance H and then O Isotopes Isotopes- atoms that have the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons Radioisotopes- isotopes with unstable nuclei that decay into different often stable, isotopes Isotopic abundance- the amount of a given isotope of an element that exists in nature, expressed as a percentage of the total amount of this element Atomic Mass Unit (AMU) AMU- one twelfth of the mass of a carbon-12 atom Average Mass- sum of masses /# of masses Relative Atomic Mass (RAM) RAM- the atomic mass of an element in relation to that of another element To calculate RAM -RAM = m1f1 + m2f2 -Answer expressed in AMU (u) The Mole Mole- the SI based unit that is used to measure the amount of a substance; symbol is n; unit is mol Molar Mass- the mass of one mole of a substance; symbol is M; unit is g/mol Avogadros Constant- the number of particles in one mole of a substance; equal to 6.02 x 1023 particles Conversion Triangles Law of Conservation of Mass During a chemical reaction, the mass does not change, therefore the mass is conserved. Law of Definite Proportions Elements in a compound are always present in the same proportion by mass. e.g. water = 11.2% Hydrogen by mass 88.8% Oxygen by mass % mass of element=mass of element x100 mass of compound Mass percent- the mass of an element in a compound, expressed as a percentage of the total mass of the compound Percentage composition- the percent by mass of each element in a compound Method 1: Chemical formula known % composition of alanine (C3H7NO2) % mass of element=total mass of element molar mass M= (12.0x3)+(1.0x7)+(14.0)+(16.0x2) = 89.0 g/mol % carbon=12.0x3 x100 = 40.4% 89.0g/mol % hydrogen=1.0x7 x100 = 7.9% 89.0g/mol % nitrogen=14.0 x100 = 15.7% 89.0g/mol %oxygen=16.0x2 x100 = 36.0% 89.0g/mol Method 2: Chemical formula unknown A 24.5g sample of an unknown hydrocarbon is decomposed to yield 20.2g of pure carbon and 4.3g of hydrogen gas. Calculate % composition of this hydrocarbon. m of compound = 24.5g m of carbon = 20.2g m of hydrogen = 4.3g mass % C = mass of C x100 mass of compound = 20.2g x100 24.5g = 82.4% mass % of H= 100% - 82.4% = 17.6% Method 3: Composition from ratio When hydrogen combines with oxygen, it does so in a 1:8 ratio by mass. Calculate the % hydrogen. G- 1.0g H 8.0g O R- % composition A- % H = mass of H x100 mass of H+O M- % H = 1.0g x100 9.0g = 11% Empirical Formula Empirical formula- a formula that shows the smallest whole number ratio of the elements in a compound Determining Empirical Formula -Convert percentage composition data into mass data by assuming that the total mass of the sample is 100g -Determine the number of moles of each element in the sample by dividing the mass by the molar mass of each element -Convert the number of moles of each element into whole numbers that become subscripts in the empirical formula by dividing each amount in moles by the smallest amount -If the subscripts are not yet whole numbers, determine the least common multiple that will make the decimal values into whole numbers. Multiply all subscripts by this least common multiple. Use these numbers as subscripts to complete the empirical formula Empirical Formula from % Composition Calculate the empirical formula for a compound that is 85.6% carbon and 14.4% hydrogen G- % carbon 85.6% % hydrogen 14.4% assume 100g of C?H? R- empirical formula= ? nC=? nH=? A- nC= mC nH= mH MC MH M- nC= 85.6g 12.011g/mol nC=7.1268004 mol nH= 14.4g 1.00794 g/mol nH=14.286565 mol ratio of nC to nH = 7.1268004 mol 14.286565 mol ratio of nC to nH = 1:2 S- therefore the empirical formula is CH4 Molecular Formula Molecular formula- the formula for a compound that shows the number of atoms of each element that make up a molecule of that compound Determining Molecular Formula -Write the empirical formula -Determine the integer that